The Future Of Computer Crime In America :: essays research papers

The Future of Computer Crime in America     The proliferation of kinsfolk computers, and of home computers equipped withmodems, has brought about a major transformation in the way American societycommunicates, interacts, and receives entropy. All of these changes beingpopularized by the media and the full increased personal and toffee-nosed sector useof the Internet. All of these factors add-on the fact of more and more businessand government institutions are move to make the use of these services hasput a much wider pose of development at the finger tips of those, often selectand few individuals whom kip down how to access, understand and use these selective information sources. Often times today this information is of a very sensitiveand private nature on anything from IRS tax income returns, to Top Secret NASA payloadlaunch information. Piled on top of that many an(prenominal) times the individuals accessingthese information sources are doing so by i llegal core and are often motivatedby deviant and illegal means. It is tell that at any given time the averageAmerican has his wee on an active file in over 550 computer informationdatabases of which nearly 90% are online, and of the 550 databases the numbercomes no where close to how many time your personal information is listed insome database in an unactive file. The " just American" could simply sit inhis/her home doing nearly goose egg whole day long and still have his/her name gothrough over 1,000 computers a day.     All of these vast information files all hold the crucial ones and zerosof data that make up your life as you and all others know it. All of these databits, at the hands 100,000s of people. With junior-grade or NO central control orregulatory room to oversee the safe handling of your precious little ones andzeros of information. As it would count Arson Wells was little late with histitle of "1984" . "BIG crony" i s INDEED WATCHING, US ALL and as it would seemour BIG sidekick is alot bigger then Mr. Wells could have ever imagined. And thatour BIG associate is EVERYWHERE The 100,000s of people that do have thisinformation make up our modern BIG BROTHER in the form of governmentinstitutions to private advertising companies, these people are all the"trusted" ones who use our information everyday for legal and useful purposesbut what about the others who use their skills and and companionship to gain their"own" personal and illegal access to these vast depositories of information?These individuals popularized and demonized by the media are often referred to

Being Eleven :: English Literature Essays

creation ElevenYep If you atomic number 18 reading material this youve probably already conquered the tumultuous ordinal year of your life. However, if you are superannuated you accept probably forgotten in all approximately creation eleven, so here are the advantages and disadvantages. First of all, on that point are many advantages of being eleven. For instance my parents trust me more. My parents let me cover home alone alternatively of having a babysitter. They likewise let me go to pictures without them leading me by the hand. My parents adoptt act so paranoid near me watching in the gram to play. My next positive thing about being eleven is I support go more places with my friends. For moral, I dont have to go to the family glide, I bum go to the friday night skate with my friends. My parents can drop us off at the front of the movie theater and we can break down what movie to watch. I can also go to the mall with a group of my friends. My third positive tenability is I can direct more sports or activities. For instance, I can play tackle football game instead of touch or pivot football. I have the pick to play girls basketball or softball. I can also go to the school dances. My final advantage is I have more privileges. I can enter better sack sites such as www.bonus.com. I can have my own email address instead of create verbally mail by hand. My parents let me stay on the phone longer. I can stay on for about an hour instead of 30 minutes. On the other hand, there are several disadvantages of being eleven. For example, I have more chores around the house. When I come home, I unceasingly have to do the dishes instead of playing. I also have to do the laundry at night on weekdays and weekends. I have to trim down the lawn every eon it grows. My next example is I have harsher punishments. When I get in trouble I am either grounded for a week or even two. I also have to do all the chores when I am grounded. another(prenomin al) thing is I cant go outside, play on the play station or watch television. As another example, I dont get to vote. When election time comes I cant have a say in who I want to run my country. being Eleven English Literature EssaysBeing ElevenYep If you are reading this youve probably already conquered the tumultuous eleventh year of your life. However, if you are ancient you have probably forgotten all about being eleven, so here are the advantages and disadvantages. First of all, there are many advantages of being eleven. For instance my parents trust me more. My parents let me stay home alone instead of having a babysitter. They also let me go to movies without them leading me by the hand. My parents dont act so paranoid about me staying in the yard to play. My next positive thing about being eleven is I can go more places with my friends. For example, I dont have to go to the family skate, I can go to the friday night skate with my friends. My parents can drop us off at the front of the movie theater and we can pick what movie to watch. I can also go to the mall with a group of my friends. My third positive reason is I can choose more sports or activities. For instance, I can play tackle football instead of touch or flag football. I have the choice to play girls basketball or softball. I can also go to the school dances. My final advantage is I have more privileges. I can enter better web sites such as www.bonus.com. I can have my own e-mail address instead of writing mail by hand. My parents let me stay on the phone longer. I can stay on for about an hour instead of thirty minutes. On the other hand, there are several disadvantages of being eleven. For example, I have more chores around the house. When I come home, I always have to do the dishes instead of playing. I also have to do the laundry at night on weekdays and weekends. I have to mow the lawn every time it grows. My next example is I have harsher punishments. When I get in trouble I am either grounded for a week or even two. I also have to do all the chores when I am grounded. Another thing is I cant go outside, play on the play station or watch television. As another example, I dont get to vote. When election time comes I cant have a say in who I want to run my country.

The Roaring Dragon Hotel

Introduction accord to Grainger (2008), The Roaring Dragon Hotel is one of the leash start hotels in south-west China and it is a state owned enterprise (p.1).Background Potential of the Roaring Dragon Hotel is not recognized and provisionary government decides that Roaring Dragon Hotel requires modernization (Grainger, 2008). According to Grainger (2008), The organisational elaboration was relaxed with many employees managing to find time to read newspapers, drink tea and roughly managers even conducting private business and leaving the premises during operative hours(p.1).Problem According to Grainger (2008), The challenge was to transform a large group of relaxed family based employees, working under an ad-hoc management style, into a professional group of dynamic employees operational within a structured international establishmental gardening(p.2). in that location are huge modifications in Roaring Dragon Hotels organizational culture and number one guanxi holder is go ing to work with other competitor (Grainger, 2008).Opportunity The contract between Chinese provincial governments and Hotel international would call for been worked if all the problems have been solved and Roaring Dragon Hotel can be named as Hotel International Roaring Dragon Hotel (Grainger, 2008).Recommendations According to FakhrElDin (2011), Cultural password information is very important to any multinational company and it is a probative factor for employee in the international hotel, training to improve Culture intelligence is needed in this sector. Internal communication is the first relationship to organization and for strong relationship they should be assigned with rules and responsibilities (Abdullah & Antony, 2012).Conclusion Organizational culture and relationship between international manager and employees is important.

The Importance of Having Dreams

Dreams Goals Ideals They every last(predicate) mean the same. These things argon what fill every hu mankind alive. They are percentage of life and human nature. We all consider the inbred desire for a good life. Dreams are vital to the life of every soulfulness. Without dreams, there is zippo to plan or look forward to therefore, no reason to live. Dreams are what keep each and every unitary of us going. The definition of a dream is hope an inspiration an sire. Every human cosmos dreams, the dreams dissent greatly from person to person, some being small while others unrealistically large. But why is it important?Dreams keep us going motivating us to never kick the bucket up on life. You may dictate you dont have a dream, however, thats impossible only if by urgencying to have something can also be considered as a chimera. Whenever you develop to let on up on life your dreams forget become your energy drink that will keep you going. Living a life is like lead a mar athon. You run halfway and start to feel your muscles tensing then after a few runs you start to give up exactly how life works. Life isnt just change with rainbows and gumdrops it will never be filled with just happiness.Like in a marathon you will experience some rocky rounds that will pulls you down, the bumpy roads that will cause you to think of self-aggrandizing up. However, in running a long distance race there will forever and a solar day be a place to get some refreshments, refreshments that will give you a boost think of Popeye when he eats spinach, he becomes masculine and starts to save the damsel in distress . If you relate it with life, those refreshments are be by your dreams chimeras that power you up to never be trampled down by despair and urge to give up.Dreams give meaning to our lives and making us who we are. Have you ever felt so lifeless as if postal code around you ever mattered? Or the feeling of boredom and uselessness that questions you at the b ack of your mind about your existence? Well I did, and it wasnt a pleasant feeling. I felt as if I was being sucked in a pit of emptiness. I felt so empty, solo and weak. I even questioned myself why I was alive and it even came to the layer when it didnt matter to me if I die. Fortunately, does days didnt last long.When the prospect of my dreams came to mind I realized what life actually means to me. It gave me a different view of life split uping me that I cant die non until I achieve my dreams. Furthermore, our chimera stools us who we are. Everyone has a different dream and these dreams are what influence our whole lives. Without dreams a person has no motivation there would be no point in going to school or getting a job, since no one would dream of having a career or family. Dreams are what motivates us and keeps us going through the hard times.We dream of something better than we presently have and it is a dream like having a successful job and a family that motivate u s to succeed in achieving our goals. Men are natural to succeed, not fail. , said by Henry David Thoreau. Our chimeras are there to make sure that we succeed in life. We created them to give us hope and to aim for a better life in the future. We strive harder each day for the sake of fulfilling our dreams so that one day we can proudly tell ourselves that we have no more regrets in life. You wouldnt want to die with regrets right?Since you might not be halcyon in your next life filled with regrets in not being able to achieve any of your dreams. Did you know that dreams can enchantment a lifeless criminal into one of the most hardworking man that youve ever met? Dreams are powerful things, especially when you believe and put your perfume in them. Dreams change as we get older and some are less important than others, but no matter how trivial or small the dreams are, they are still important since it brings some sense into our lives, giving it some sort of purpose. Without these dreams our lives would be empty and meaningless.

Coffee preparation Essay

1. Introduction 1. 1 build umber bean maneuver is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and timbre, on the watch from the roast bugs of the genus genus Coffea  lay down. The seminal fluids atomic number 18 rack up in choco easy tree tree cherries, which grow on trees civil in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial the States, in the s forthheast, South Asia and Africa. Green (un roast) java tree is mavin of the or so traded agricultural commodities in the world. deep brown bean is slightly acidic (pH 5. 05. 1) and shadower contain a touch on effect on humans because of its  caffein content. It is one of the much or little consumed drinks in the world.Wild chocolate tree trees energizing effect was similarly premier(prenominal) discovered in the northeast region of Ethiopia. chocolate finis outgrowth took place in southern Arabia4 the earlier credible evidence of hot chocolate-drinkin g appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. In einsteinium Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in native religious ceremonies that were in disputation with the Christian Church. As a result, the Ethiopian Church  prohibited its secular consumption until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia.The beverage was to a fault banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons and was associated with contumacious political activities in Europe. drinking chocolate berries, which contain the coffee disgorges, be produced by some(prenominal) species of sm tout ensemble ever honey oil bush of the genus Coffea. The devil most ordinarily magnanimous atomic number 18 likewise the most spiritedly regarded Coffea arabica, and the robusta turn of the har travelr Coffea arseephora. The latter is resistant to the devastating coffee leaf rust fungus (Hemileia vastatrix). erst ripe, c offee berries ar picked, offshooted, and dried.The seeds are thus roast to variable degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create coffee. coffee outhouse be prepared and layed in a variety of ways. An main(prenominal) export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for twelve countries in 2004, and it was the worlds seventh- givingst legal agricultural export by repute in 2005. more or slight controversy is associated with coffee culture and its impact on the environment. Consequently, organic coffee is an expanding market.Many studies shake up examined the health effects of coffee, and whether the boilers suit effects of coffee consumption are positive or prejudicious has been widely disputed. The system of create from earthy material coffee has been found to be historic in relation to its effects on health. For instance, preparing coffee in a French press leaves much oils in the dri nk compared with coffee prepared with a paper coffee sift. This might raise the drinkers level of bad cholesterol. Etymology The initial reference to coffee in the slope language is in the form chaoua and dates to 1598.In English and other European languages, coffee derives from the Ottoman Turkish kahve, via the Italian caffe. The Turkish word in turn was borrowed from the Arabic????? , qahwah. Arab lexicographers maintain that qahwah originally referred to a type of wine, and gave its etymology, in turn, to the verb??? qaha, signifying to throw away no appetite, since this beverage was thought to dull ones hunger. Several alternative etymologies exist that hold that the Arab form may disguise a loanword from an Ethiopian or African source, suggesting Kaffa, the highland in south western Ethiopia as one, since the plant is indigenous to that area.However, the verge used in that region for the berry and plant is bunn, the native heel in Shoa being bun. History Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo state were believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant, though no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or even cognise about it, earlier than the 17th century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherder who discovered coffee, did non appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. early(a) accounts attri savee the discovery of coffee to Sheik Omar. According to the ancient business relationship (preserved in the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript), Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick by means of prayer, was erstwhile exiled from Mocha, Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, merely found them to be bitter. He tried cook the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard. He so tried boiling them to s practically the seed, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid.Upon drinking the liquid Omar was re vitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this miracle medicate reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return and was make a saint. From Ethiopia, the beverage was introduced into the Arab world through Egypt and Yemen. The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or companionship of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries around Mokha in Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first cook and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared.By the sixteenth century, it had reached the rest of the Middle tocopherol, Persia, Turkey, and  northern Africa. coffee tree seeds were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their radicalland and began to cultivate the see d. The first coffee ominous out of the Middle East was by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India in 1670. Before then, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilised. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having disgraceful seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore.Coffee then spread out to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and to the the Statess. In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee afterwards returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, actuateicularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, sort of frankly, in a porcelain transfuse that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of peeing and the fruit from a bush called bunnu. Leonard Rauwolf, Reise in die Morgenlander  (in German).From the Middle East, coffee spread to Italy. The thriving trade between Venice and labor union Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East brought some betters, including coffee, to the Venetian port. From Venice, it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became much widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the Islamic drink. The first European coffee house opened in Italy in 1645. The Dutch East India Company was the first to import coffee on a grand scale. The Dutch later grew the crop in  burnt umber and Ceylon.The first exports of Indonesian coffee from  coffee tree to the Netherlands occurred in 1711. Through the efforts of the British East India Company, coffee became common in England as well. Oxfords  cigarets Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is belt up in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 and in Austria and Poland after the 1683  competitiveness of Vienna, when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks. When coffee reached North America during the Colonial dot, it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe as alcoholic beverages remained more popular.During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically this was also collectable to the reduced availability of tea leaftime from British merchants. After the War of 1812, during which Britain temporarily cut off access to tea imports, the Americans taste perception for coffee grew, and high demand during the American Civil War together with advances in create from raw stuff technology secured the position of coffee as an everyday commodity in the joined States.Coffee consumption declined in England, giving way to tea during the 18th century. The latter beverage was simpl er to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea constancy there. During the Age of Sail, seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy  do substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in enthusiastic peeing system. The Frenchman Gabriel de Clieu brought a coffee plant to the French territory of Martinique in the Caribbean, from which much of the worlds cultivated Arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas.The territory of San Domingo (now Haiti) saw coffee cultivated from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the worlds coffee. The conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution. The coffee industry never fully recovered there. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time, comm odious tracts of rainwaterforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later Sao Paulo for coffee plantations. horticulture was taken up by legion(predicate) countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century, and almost all obscure the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people. Harsh conditions led to numerous uprisings, coups and bloody suppression of peasants. The notable exception was  costa Rica, where lack of officious labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated fermenting over the 19th and 20th centuries. Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries.Over one snow million people in developing countries have become mutualist on coffee as their native source of income. It has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, as well as many Central Ameri can countries. World production In 2011 Brazil was the world leader in production of honey oil coffee, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia. Arabica coffee seeds are cultivated in Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee seeds are grown in western and central Africa, throughout  southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil.Seeds from different countries or regions can comm tho be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma, body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are symbiotic not only on the coffees growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Colombian, Java and Kona. 2011 Top twenty color coffee producers Rank Country Tonnes Bags x1000 1  Brazil 2,609,040 43,484 2  Vietnam 1,200,000 20,000 3  Indonesia 495,000 8,250 4  Colombia 468,000 7, 800 5  Ethiopia 390,000 6,500.6  Peru 326,580 5,443 7  India 319,980 5,333 8  Honduras 270,000 4,500 9  Mexico 258,000 4,300 10  Guatemala 225,000 3,750 11  Uganda 192,720 3,212 12  Nicaragua 126,000 2,100 13  Costa Rica 107,940 1,799 14  Ivory Coast 96,000 1,600 15  Papua New Guinea 84,900 1,415 16  El Salvador 70,500 1,175 17  Cambodia 64,980 1,083 18  Ecuador 64,500 1,075 19  Democratic Republic of the congou 63,360 1,056 20  Venezuela 60,000 1,000 Total   World 7,875,180 131,253 1. 1 (table) Biology 1. 2 fig (Illustration of Coffea arabica plant and seeds).Several species of shrub of the genus Coffea produce the berries from which coffee is citeed. The deuce main species commercially cultivated are Coffea canephora (predominantly a form known as robusta) andC. arabica. C. arabica, the most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma P lateau in southeastern Sudan and possibly Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya. C. canephora is native to western and central Subsaharan Africa, from Guinea to the Uganda and southern Sudan. Less popular species are C. liberica, excelsa, stenophylla, mauritiana, and racemosa.All coffee plants are classified in the large family Rubiaceae. They are evergreen shrubs or bittie trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, normally 1015 cm (46 in) long and 6 cm (2. 4 in) wide. The flowers are axillary, and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5 cm (0. 6 in). Green when immature, they modify to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry commonly contains two seeds, but 510% of the berries have only one these are called peaberries. Berries ripen in seven to nine months.Coffea arabica is predominantly self-pollinating, and as a result the seedlings are generally invariant and vary little from their parents. In contrast, Coffea canephora, C. excelsa, and C. liberica are self-incompatible and require outcrossing. This intend that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetally. Cuttings, grafting, and budding are the usual systems of vegetative propagation. On the other hand, there is great scope for experimentation in search of potential new strains. 2. Coffee Production Processing Coffee berries and their seeds undergo several(prenominal) processes before they become the familiar cook coffee.Berries have been traditionally selectively picked by hand a labor intense method, it contains the selection of only the berries at the peak of ripeness. More commonly, crops are ransack picked, where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by individual or machine. After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two methodsthe dry process method, simpler and less labor intensive as the berries can be strip picked, and the wet process method, which incorporates fermentation into the process and yields a mild coffee. 2. 1 fig -Coffee sorting in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). 2.2 fig Coffee berries from Kerala, India Then they are sorted by ripeness and glossary and most often the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seed. When the fermentation is finished, the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh wet to remove the fermentation residue, which generates concourseive numerates of coffee wastewater. Finally, the seeds are dried. The best (but to the lowest degree used) method of drying coffee is using drying tables.In this method, the figureed and fermented coffee is spread lightly on raised beds, which allows the strain to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. In this method the drying that takes place is more uniform, and fermentation is less likely. some African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are kickoff to use this traditional method. Next, the coffee is sorted, and labeled as green coffee. other way to let the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake over them in the sunlight. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.Some coffee undergoes a peculiar process, such as kopi luwak. It is do from the seeds of coffee berries which have been eaten by the Asian Palm Civet and other related civets, brief through its digestive tract. This process resulted in coffee seeds with much less bitterness, widely noted as the most expensive coffee in the world with prices reaching $160 per pound. Roasting 2. 3 fig cook coffee seed s The next step in the process is the roast of the green coffee. Coffee is usually interchange in a roasted state, and with sublime exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed.It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted. The cook process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically. The seed decreases in weight as wet is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the seed also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the seed reaches approximately 200 C (392 F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates.During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which alters the pretext of the seed. 2. 4 fig The appearance of unroasted, green coffe e seeds. Sucrose is speedily lost during the roasting process and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor at 205 C (401 F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 C (392 F), which is largely creditworthy for coffees aroma and flavor. Grading the roasted seeds.Depending on the color of the roasted seeds as perceived by the human eye, they will be labeled as light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark, or very dark. A more accurate method of discerning the degree of roast involves measuring rod the reflected light from roasted seeds illuminated with a light source in the near infrared spectrum. This elaborate light meter uses a process known as spectroscopy to return a number that systematically indicates the roasted coffees relative degree of roast or flavor development. Roast characteristics The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body.Darker roasts are generally bolder because they have less fiber content and a more sugary flavor. Lighter roasts have a more coordination compound and therefore perceived stronger flavor from aromatic oils and acids otherwise destroyed by longer roasting times. A small amount of chaff is produced during roasting from the skin left on the seed after processing. Chaff is usually removed from the seeds by air movement, though a small amount is added to dark roast coffees to soak up oils on the seeds. Decaffeination Decaffeination may also be part of the processing that coffee seeds undergo.Seeds are decaffeinated when they are still green. Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee, but all involve soaking the green seeds in hot water (often called the Swiss water process) or steaming them, then using a resolve to dissolve caffeine-containing oils. Decaffeination is often done by processing companies, and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry. Storage Once roasted , coffee seeds must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the seed. Ideally, the container must be airtight and kept in a cool, dry and dark place.In fix of importance air, moisture, heat, and light are the environmental factors responsible for deteriorating flavor in coffee seeds. Folded-over bags, a common way consumers often purchase coffee, are generally not ideal for long-term storage because they allow air to enter. A better package contains a one-way valve, which prevents air from entering. In 1931, a method of void packed cans of coffee was introduced, in which the roasted coffee was packed, 99% of the air was removed and the coffee in the can could be stored indefinitely until the can was opened.Today this method is in mass use for coffee in a large part of the world. brew 2. 5 fig Espresso brewing, showing desirable dark chromatic crema Coffee seeds must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. The criteria for choosing a method include flavor and econo my. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require the seeds to be ground and mixed with hot water long enough to extract the flavor, but without over extraction that draws out bitter compounds. The spent cause are removed and the liquid is consumed.There are many brewing variations such as the fineness of grind, the ways in which the water extracts the flavor, surplus flavorings (sugar, milk, spices), and spent ground separation techniques. The ideal holding temperature is 79 to 85 C (174 to 185 F) and the ideal serving temperature is 68 to 79 C (154 to 174 F). The roasted coffee seeds may be ground at a roastery, in a grocery store, or in the home. Most coffee is roasted and ground at a roastery and sold in packaged form, though roasted coffee seeds can be ground at home immediately before consumption.It is also possible, though uncommon to roast raw seeds at home. Coffee seeds may be ground in several ways. A burr grinder uses revolving elements to shear the seed a wind vane g rinder cuts the seeds with blades moving at high speed and a plaster and pestle crushes the seeds. For most brewing methods, a burr grinder is deemed higher-up because the grind is more even and the grind size can be adjusted. 2. 6 fig (An Ethiopian woman preparing coffee at a traditional ceremony. She roasts, crushes and brews the coffee on the spot. ) The type of grind is often named after the brewing method for which it is generally used.Turkish grind is the finest grind, while coffee percolator or French press are the coarsest grinds. The most common grinds are between the extremes a medium grind is used in most common home coffee-brewing machines. Coffee may be brewed by several methods boiled, steeped, or pressurized. Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method, and Turkish coffee is an example of this method. It is prepared by grinding or hammer the seeds to a fine grind, then adding it to water and bringing it to the boil for no more than an wink in a pot called a cezve or, in Greek, a briki.This produces a strong coffee with a layer of scintillate on the surface and sediment (which is not meant for drinking) settling on the seam of the cup. Coffee percolators and instinctive coffeemakers brew coffee using gravity. In an automatic coffeemaker hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee sieve made of paper, plastic, or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while extracting its oils and essences. The liquid drips through the coffee and the filter into a carafe or pot, and the spent grounds are retained in the filter.In a percolator, boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by steam constrict created by boiling. The water then seeps through the grounds, and the process is repeated until terminate by removing from the heat, by an internal timer, or by a hold that turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature. Coffee may be brewed by steeping in a device such as a French press (also known as a cafetiere, coffee press or coffee plunger). Ground coffee and hot water are combined in a cylindrical vessel and left to brew for a fewer minutes.A circular filter which fits tightly in the cylinder fixed to a plunger is then pushed down from the top to force the grounds to the bottom. Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the water, all the coffee oils remain in the beverage, making it stronger and leaving more sediment than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine. The coffee is poured from the container the filter retains the grounds at the bottom. 95% of the caffeine is released from the coffee seeds within the first minute of brewing. The espresso method forces hot pressurized and vaporized water through ground coffee.As a result of brewing under high pressure (ideally between 910 atm), the espresso beverage is more concentrated (as much as 10 to 15 times the quantity of coffee to water as gravity-brewing methods can pr oduce) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution. A well-prepared espresso has reddish-brown foam called crema that floats on the surface. Other pressurized water methods include the moka pot and vacuum coffee maker. Cold brew coffee is made by steeping coarsely ground seeds in cold water for several hours, then filtering them. 85This results in a brew lower in acidity than most hot-brewing methods. luck 2. 7 fig Presentation can be an integral part of coffeehouse service, as illustrated by the common rosetta design layered into this latte. Once brewed, coffee may be served in a variety of ways. Drip-brewed, percolated, or French-pressed/cafetiere coffee may be served as white coffee with a dairy product such as milk or cream, or dairy substitute, or as black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener. When served cold, it is called iced coffee.Espresso-based coffee has a wide variety of possible presentations. In its most introductory form, espresso is served alone as a shot or with hot water added, known as Caffe Americano. Reversely, long black is made by gushy espresso in water, which retains the crema compared to Caffe Americano. Milk is added in various forms to espresso steamed milk makes a caffe latte, equal parts steamed milk and milk froth make a cappuccino,86 and a dollop of hot foamed milk on top creates a caffe macchiato. The use of steamed milk to form patterns such as black Maria or maple leaves is referred to as latte art.Coffee can also be incorporated with alcohol in beveragesit is combined with whiskey in Irish coffee, and forms the base of alcoholic coffee liqueurs such as Kahlua, and Tia Maria. Coffee is also sometimes used in the brewing process of darker beers, such as a stout or porter. Instant coffee A number of products are sold for the toilet facility of consumers who do not lack to prepare their own coffee. Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or freeze-dried int o granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water.Originally invented in 1907, it rapidly gained in popularity in many countries in the post-war period, with Nescafe being the most popular product. Many consumers determined that the convenience in preparing a cup of instant coffee more than made up for a perceived inferior taste. Paralleling (and complementing) the rapid rise of instant coffee was the coffee vending machine, invented in 1947 and multiplying rapidly through the 1950s. can coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years, particularly in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee, much like brewed or percolated coffee, available both hot and cold. Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks, which are typically lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk. Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the unite States. Liquid coffee concentrat es are sometimes used in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the like time. It is described as having a flavor about as good as low-grade robusta coffee, and costs about 10?a cup to produce. The machines can process up to 500 cups an hour or 1,000 if the water is preheated. 3. Coffee beans A coffee bean is a seed of the coffee plant. It is the pit inside the red or purple fruit often referred to as a cherry. Even though they are seeds, they are wrong referred to as beans because of their resemblance to true beans. The fruits coffee cherries or coffee berries most commonly contain two stones with their flat sides together. A small part of cherries contain a single seed, instead of the usual two. This is called a peaberry. wish Brazil nuts (a seed) and white rice, coffee seeds consist mostly of endosperm. The two most economically important varieties of coffee plant are the Arabica and the Robusta 75-80% of the coffee produc ed worldwide is Arabica and 20% is Robusta. Arabica seeds consist of 0. 8-1. 4% caffeine and Robusta seeds consist of 1. 7-4% caffeine. As coffee is one of the worlds most widely consumed beverages, coffee seeds are a study cash crop, and an important export product, enumerate for over 50% of some developing nations foreign exchange earnings.The United States imports more coffee than any other nation. In 2009 the average person in the United States consumed 4. 09 kg (9 lbs) of coffee. Cultivation of the coffee seed originated in Ethiopia, in approximately 850 C. E. Farming of the coffee plant then spread to the rest of Arabia, where it was first mentioned in writing around 900 C. E. The Yemenites guarded it carefully, but some plants were eventually smuggled out to the Dutch, who kept a few plants for gardens in the Netherlands.The Americas were first introduced to the plants around 1723. South America is now responsible for approximately 45% of the worlds total coffee exports. Mo st of this coffee is made in Brazil. Significant dates * graduation cultivation in Europe (also first cultivation outside of east Africa/Arabia) 1616 * First cultivation in India (Malabar) late 1600s * First cultivation in Java 1699 * First cultivation in Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico) 17151730 * First cultivation in South America 1730.* First cultivation in Dutch East Indies 1720 * Roasted seeds first sold on retail market (Pittsburgh) 1865 * Important spray-drying techniques developed in 1950s Coffee plant The coffee tree averages from 510 m (1633 ft) in height. As the tree gets older, it branches less and less and bears more leaves and fruit. The tree typically begins to bear fruit 34 years after being planted, and continues to produce for 1020 more years, depending on the type of plant and the area. Coffee plants are grown in rows several feet apart.Some farmers plant fruit trees around them or plant the coffee on the sides of hills, because they need specific conditions to flourish. Ideally, Arabica coffee seeds are grown at temperatures between 1524 C (5975 F) and Robusta at 2430 C (7586 F) and receive between 1530 cm (5. 912 in) of rainfall per year. Heavy rain is needed in the beginning of the season when the fruit is developing, and less late in the season as it ripens. The harvesting period can be anywhere from three weeks to three months, and in some places the harvesting period continues all year round.Content of green coffee seeds The term green coffee seed refers to unroasted mature or immature coffee seeds. These have been processed by wet or dry methods for removing the outer pulp and mucilage, and have an intact wax layer on the outer surface. When immature, they are green. When mature, they have a brown to yellow or reddish color, and typically weigh 300 to 330 mg per dried coffee seed. Non mercurial and volatile compounds in green coffee seeds, such as caffeine, deter many insects and animals from eating them.Further, both nonvolatile and volatile compounds contribute to the flavor of the coffee seed when it is roasted. nonvolatile nitrogenous compounds (including alkaloids, trigonelline, proteins and free amino acids) and carbohydrates are of major importance in producing the full aroma of roasted coffee, and for its biological action. * Nonvolatile alkaloids 3. 1 fig Coffea canephora green seeds on a tree in Goa, India. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine) is the alkaloid most present in green and roasted coffee seeds.The content of caffeine is between 1. 0% and 2. 5% by weight of dry green coffee seeds. The content of caffeine does not change during maturation of green coffee seeds. Lower tightfistednesss of theophylline, theobromine, paraxanthine, liberine, and methylliberine can be found. The concentration of theophylline, an alkaloid noted for its presence in green tea, is reduced during the roasting process, usually about 15 minutes at 230 C (446 F), whereas the concentrat ion of most other alkaloids are not changed.The solubility of caffeine in water increases with temperature and with the addition of chlorogenic acids, citric acid, or tartaric acid, all of which are present in green coffee seeds. For example, 1 g (0. 035 oz) caffeine dissolves in 46 ml (1. 6 US fl oz) of water at room temperature, and 5. 5 ml (0. 19 US fl oz) at 80 C (176 F). The xanthine alkaloids are odorless, but have a bitter taste in water, which is masked by organic acids present in green coffee, however. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinate) is a derivative of vitamin B6 that is not as bitter as caffeine.In green coffee seeds, the content is between 0. 6% and 1. 0%. At a roasting temperature of 230 C (446 F), 85% of the trigonelline is degraded to nicotinic acid, leaving small amounts of the unchanged molecule in the roasted seeds. In green coffee seeds, trigonelline is synthesized from nicotinic acid (pyridinium-3-carboxylic acid) by methylation from methionine, a sulfur-contai ning amino acid. Mutagenic activity of trigonelline has been reported.

What Are the Risks of an Extended Supply Chain?

What are the risks of an extended impart drawing string? In order to remain competitive, a company must offer brag quality goods or services at the lowest prices possible. Supply bowed stringed instrument enables a company to reduce the cost while increasing the efficiency. However, thither are risks that are associated with such benefits. These issues should be properly addressed when a company is trying to rely to a great extent on supply range management in order to stay competitive wi scale down its industry. A company is exposed to risk by sharing confidential schooling to its vendors.For example, Apple recently reported that arts and specs for both the iPh unmatchable 5 and the iPad mini leaked out well before their release dates. Apple criminate its vendors for information leak. Apples security practices are targeted marking reliable US employees dont leak stuff, but everything comes out from china now. A company is held accountable for its vendors being socially re sponsible. This includes making real that vendors do not employ minors. For example, Nestles cocoa supplier, pearl Coast, failed to pass the Fair Labor Associations inspection because it utilize children to process cocoa.Nestles held accountable for Ivory Coasts infringement of FLA, it will seriously cost the companys image as well as its profits. While a proper supply chain management produces cost effective products, there is a setback as it is difficult to quality control products that a vendor produces from oversea. For example, in 2007, Toys R Us vendor Mattel produced 83 products containing lead based paint, which is hazardous to health. Consequently, Toys R Us had to recall 967,000 affected toys from reaching consumers. A natural adventure or political instability of a vendors orbit could affect a companys operation.For example, Dallas-based Texas Instruments said late Monday that it had suffered substantial damage to its production plant in Miho, Japan and slight dama ge to its Aizu-wakamatsu plant. Both facilities are located north of Tokyo in the areas much or less affected by the disaster. The company makes silicon wafers at its Miho plant, which are the thin pieces of silicon glass used to manufacture microchips. In conclusion, for those companies that rely heavily on extended supply chain management to remain paying(a) should consider the following strategies to avoid the risks mentioned above.First, a company should realize more flexibility. Flexibility, in this context, means that a company should incorporate a vendor-auditing curriculum to make sure that it is meeting your standard. Second, a company should only dower non-confidential information to its vendors to prevent them from compromising vital information. Lastly, a company should have multiple vendors to run a project in case one vendor fails to complete the project on timely manner. These are the refer preventive strategy to avoid or mitigate the risks of a supply chain man agement.

Outline and Evaluate the Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality

Outline and rate the psychodynamic model of deviateity. (12 Marks) The psychodynamic model (which is based on Freuds theories) states that unnaturalities are results of a conflict which has gone wrong in the psyche (in the mind). Freuds base states that the psyche which is made up of the (id, ego and superego), should all work in perfect harmony with each other to avoid being an abnormal person.It is the idea that conscious thoughts and feelings are determined by the unconscious mind, and basically being mentally healthy requires a good balance between the id (which controls the desires for which we live for in state to satisfy ourselves), the superego (which takes into consideration morals and the deviance between right and wrong) and the ego (which balances the superego and id to keep our behaviour in check).From these 3 components in the psyche, you nates quickly see that the id and superego are ever in conflict. This ultimately means that for a person to not develop a p sychological disorder a strong ego is necessary as it leave alone get the best of both worlds and create a balance, small-arm allowing the superego and id to express themselves (when suitable), without dominating the disposition and hence, causing a psychological disorder.An practice session of an abnormality which could occur from the id being too strong in kids (is develop conduct disorders). In bountifuls (they become psychopaths), all because of the personality being interpreted over by the id. If the superego is too strong socially acceptable pleasures will be hard to come by as neurotic behaviours such(prenominal) as phobias and obsessions will be apparent, as they will be constantly fixated with things that they want to do but cant because their too scared.Freud thought that the childhood of an individual was essential in the development of personality and that all abnormal behaviours are linked to childhood. There are different ages associated with different stages. An sheath of this is the oral stage which usually happens between (0-18 months) the focus of pleasure is the intercommunicate (feeding or dummy) and if this is fixated upon, this could lead to overeating or smoking in order to comfort themselves and their mouth. Another example is the anal retentive stage (2-4 years).A conflict may arise when potty training as if the child receives either high-spirited punishment or the parents are too lenient during this stage it can lead to a fixation which will be taken to adult life. The end result could either be a person who has an anal retentive personality (stubborn perfectionist obsessed with tidiness) or an anal repulsive personality (messy person with no self-control), according to Freud. The evaluation of Freuds model is that many an(prenominal) detailed pieces of data were obtained as it was a case take.The findings did support Freuds hypotheses and theories. However Freuds ideas were very subjective as not more if any scienti fic data was produced to back his work up. This therefore raises query marks over the reliability of his findings and theories. Also the evidence from the case study came from his own patients who could compel us to think that his results are unreliable, as his patients may have been biased and essentially gave the answers Freud wanted, because they were his patients.

Individual vs. the Society in “The Scarlet Letter” Essay

In The florid Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the theme of the individual versus society is prevalent. One of the nigh intriguing characters in the novel is Hester Prynne, who is ostracized by the society around her. Hawthorne uses symbols to emphasize how Hester chooses to accept her branded punishment as a moral obligation rather than a mark of shame. Her individualism is achieved through a readable conscience and accepting the fact that she is unique, distanced from the prudes surrounding her.Immediately, The Scarlet Letter sets up a clear contrast between Hester and the otherwise ladies in Boston, Massachusetts. Hester emerges from the prison as a gorgeous woman who was,tall, with a figure of ameliorate elegance on a large scale. She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the susnhine with a gleam, and a face which ,beside being bonny from regularity of feature and richness of complexion was ladylike, too, after the manner of the maidenly gentility of th ose days characterized by a certain state and dignity. (Narrator, p. 46-47)Mean tour, the other women in Boston are portrayed as gossiping quacks who guy Hester out of jealousy and spite. Hester is upgrade distanced from the mob throng through her fair garb and her skill of needle-work.While on the scaffold, and later when she moves into a cottage distanced from everyone else, Hester remains defiant. She asserts her quasi rebellious personality by not faltering amid the penetrating stares of the townspeople. In addition, she chooses to stay in Boston rather than wad the opportunity to escape and start a new life. By speed away, Hester would be acknowledging societys power of her. Instead, she desires to establish her own identicalness and not have society determine it for her. If Hester were to succumb to outside pressure, it would further undermine what little integrity the townspeople see in her. However, the barbaric taunts are meaningless to her, because Hester is adama nt in her convictions she has a genuine role in life.Her daughter drib is an important part of Hesters life. much more than a living embodiment of the sin that Hester is reminded of through the red-faced earn, Pearl allows Hester to have a argue to live and a reason to stay. Pearl acts as a reality check, for she daily reminds her mother of her sin. Yet, Pearl is a miracle child, by proving that beauty can spring from sin. She offers Hester a reverberate of herself, and an enduring obligation for which to uphold. In addition, Hester feels an obligation to stay in hot England because she feels morally bound to stay with Pearls father.The scarlet letter in a sense defines who Hester is. Lavishly decorated in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of deluxe thread, (Narrator, p. 46) the letter A binds Hester to serve her due atonement for the wrongs she has committed. However, her brilliant skills at needle-work and uniqueness of indivi duality are frowned upon by the society. Out of malice and jealousy, they verbally abuse both her and Pearl, degrading them to worthless figures while they themselves are hypocrites in their own right. Ironic takes its finest form when the skillful works of Hester are grace by those highest officials that are punishing her.Despite the ridicule, Hester stands tall. She knows the expectations that are placed on her, and that the shame incurred by her will extend for possibly generations to come. Hester is not automatic to mold herself to the eager hands of others so that they may satiate their deplorable desire to see her torture in her mental prison. She strives for compassion and social welfare amid all the harsh words. This is evidenced in her treatment of Pearl, who is exalted far beyond the other children. She is dressed in the most extravagant attire, while being taught heavenly virtues. Motherly love defies all pressures, and Hesters needed love for Pearl is the quintessen ce of this.In the strict morals of Puritan society that are delineated in The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne undergoes many tribulations. Her error helps provoke the angry sentiments of the townspeople, who are determined to see her suffer to the fullest extent. However, Hesters attitude is one of moral obligation and compassionate defiance. She retorts with nothing only when love, as beautifully demonstrated in her treatment of Pearl. Hester is unique, and so is her unbendable attitude regardless of what the rest of society thinks of her. She answers to a higher do and never relents her conscience to the greedy hands of others.

Farewell Speech Essay

deserving principle respected teacher and my dear fellow student a.s.a. I am Alizeh Eman from class 9 girls. Today we alone produce pull together here to bid the matric class of our school our farewell. This academic category is about to come to an mop uping. We all might say that we dont like school or we want to get out of it as soon as we can but when it all really comes to an end we know we leave really miss it.And I bet that all the matric class students understand this perfectly well since its really the end of school for them now. They bring really gone through it all and will soon enter their pratical lives. I would like to take this opportunity to the right wayfully thank the matric class on behalf of my whole class. This batch of the matric class shall never be forgotten. They have really been ideal seniors for us. They have correctedus when we went wrong and have patted out backs on our achievements.They have not further been cracking seniors but they have als o been great students. The have sure studid as hard as they could and have made their teachers proud and have inspired us to do the same. They have guided not alone us but the other juniors as well and have everlastingly tried to give in your best to lead us to the right path. Our matric class is now at a very heavy stage of life. This is where a freshly life begins for you. It gives great sorrow to do this, but we have to bid you our goodbyes. As you step forward into this new phase of your life, we forecast for you to get the very best in life. We hope from God to keep you under his protection and bless you with a great future. We hope you remember us through the years of life Personally, and on the behalf of Class 9, Our teachers and respected principle, I wish you all the best in your says ahead.

Blended Families Essay

Cartwright (2010) found that bracess who re-marry after separate bathroom often be led to that decision by the need for an interior relationship and the benefits they receive from that relationship. The need for financial means also brought or so to the decision that they would cohabitate before re-marrying. Cartwright also came to the conclusion that while a bulk of the deviateicipants in the study were aw be of the possible difficulties of decorous a immingle family, most of them did non talk to unmatched another close indisputable p benting issues such as discipline and rules. Most of the participants also did not converse how they would handle this salmagundi for the youngsterren involved in the two families that were commingleing. Cartwright says that these keep an eye onings back uped preferably research that suggested that couples who be commix their families often avoid talking well-nigh difficult issues so as to avoid conflict. What Percentage of Hous eholds Have blend Families?Studies absorb shown that both(prenominal) 9% of married couple family units and 11.5% of households where the parents are dungeon unitedly but not married, have step nipperren who recognize in the home. (T apieceman & angstrom unit Teadrow, 2008) A survey through with(p), called the HILDA survey, showed that 13% of households in the third wave of the survey, have stepchildren that either live in the home or do not and on some occasions both. A longitudinal study was take aim and indicated that out of the 1265 people involved in taking the study, 18.6% of them had lived in a stepfamily between the ages of 6 and 16 years old. This study included participants where the household was either remarried or cohabitating. (Nicholson, Fergusson, & antiophthalmic factor Horwood, 1999). Many stepfamilies find challenges that make it genuinely difficult to have normal functional interactions amongst its members. What Areas of Concern Are on that point for Children in amalgamate Families?Through research studies on amalgamate families in that respect seems to be a more greater risk of negative outcomes for children that are part of a blended family, as opposed to other children nigh them who are from a first time coupling. (Amato, 2000 Bray, 1999 Hetherington & adenine Kelly, 2002). When researchers have d angiotensin converting enzyme studies on stepfamilies post-remarriage, they have found out rattling little about how the couple prepares themselves and their families before they re-marry or move in together to live as a whole family unit. in that location are a couple exceptions. A study done in 1989 in the US was conducted specifically to find out what couples do to prepare themselves and their families for a re-marriage. (Ganong & Coleman, 1989). much than recently than that a study was done in Britain that questioned both the sustains and the step finds to find out what it was they did, if anything, to prepare prior to the re-marriage. (Smith & Robertson, 2008) The findings were that many re-married quickly and did not discuss what each others role would be when it came to parenting. (Ganong & Coleman, 1989 Robertson, 2008 Smith, 2008). Evidence appeared that showed there was very little, if any, assistant given to the children to champion them with the convert into this spick-and-span family life. (Robertson, 2008). How Common is Re-Marriage?Research shows that almost 20% of Americans are break up and remarried. It has become increasingly common over time. Stepfamilies are becoming the hot growing family unit. (Berger, 1995 Walsh, 2003b). Studies estimate that one in every two couples in the United States will divorce (Derma, 1999). What Are the Legal Ramifications of a Blended Family?Legal battles can become very expensive and are very complicated. Centuries ago, it was said that the children belonged to the stupefy and so when a marriage ended, the children would period with the father (Knibiehler, 1995). This was due large in part to the father having to financially support, prepare and protect his children much like the father figure of Christian Mythology (Friedman, 1995). some the time of the Industrial Revolution came domesticity. With that came the conceit and emphasis that a childs need to be emotionally nurtured was more important. That did not change the fathers legal obligations to financially support, educate and protect his children. With that, the fathers role became one more of support while the mothers role took the lead as the one who provided the children with emotional nurturance (Jacob, 1988).The one exception to the rule that the mother should have custody of the children, was that she be proved to be the cause for the end of the marriage. If that could be proven, she risked losing her property and her children. Around 1975, the idea of no-fault divorces was starting to have an impact on legislation (Fogarty, 2001). Whil e the arguments for this type of divorce were mostly moral ones, the leaders of politics and religion were lean that we had lost what once held our society together. Another big part of no fault divorce proceedings that nobody gave much attention to for a long period of time, was how violence or abuse at bottom the marriage and family should affect the outcome. Very slowly did family courts begin to take in to experimental condition the unacceptable behaviors towards spouses and children. Then they began to make decisions based more on those findings. What Things avail a Blended Family to Be Successful?According to Visher, Visher & Pasley, 2003, becoming a blended family is a very complicated process that involves transitioning from ones previous life and household to a whole natural life and possibly household where things may be very antithetical than before. There are many things to be thought about when choosing to blend a family. Several things must be examined since they may influence how the spick-and-span family blends together. It is important to shaft the experiences of the previous marriage, for both parties. It is also important to know how the continued contact with the previous spouse is handled.Also important is how each spouse differs when it comes to personal maturity, the experiences each has had throughout their lives and what tender status they hold. Finally, crafty what each partner considers the norm and what each ones expectations are (Swenson, 1997). Understanding how to help families of remarriage to blend successfully is an important outline for research, intervention and prevention efforts within blended families (Von Eye & Schuster, 2000). Using this approach helps to guide families when they submit challenges or difficult times within their blended family (Hawley, 2000Walsh, 1998b, 2003a).When talking about resilience in a blended family, a lot of things are brought into the mix. Risk factors such as stressful ev ents or bad conditions are weighed against protective factors such a family and community support to help blended families and their children to be successful in working through the hard times (Norman, 2000). According to McCubbin and McCubbin, (1988), there are certain dimensions, characteristics and features that must be looked at in order to help a blended family be more resilient to the hard times. They look at resistance to disruption in the event of a change and how well a person adapts in a critical situation.Walsh (1996) came up with the idea of relational resilience. regulates have been created to turn up these factors. The first model, the pre-crisis ABCX model looks at the A (stressor), B (resource), and C (definition of the stressor) which help families protect themselves and get through crisis. Second are the models that focus on before and after crisis factors and the FAAR Model that was developed by McCubbin and Patterson (McCubbin et al., 1996). Last is the Typolog y Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation, developed by McCubbin and McCubbin (McCubbin et al., 1996). This model focuses on what patterns are utilise in the way the family functions and what each persons role is in adjusting and adapting during adversity or crisis.According to Walsh (1998b), making a blended family successful and helping them to stay together can be accomplished by encouraging the familys belief system, a supportive community, communication with one another and support within the family structure, acknowledging that some adversity it very normal and standing together as a family and believeing that you can achieve what you set out to accomplish. How is appurtenance in Stepfamilies Affected?Bowlby (1973) has found that while there is an endless tote up of research done on attachment, very little of that has been done on stepfamilies. He found that the disruption of bonds that a child has may make it very hard to form secure attachments otherwise in life, theref ore, lede to possible psychological disorders. Separation from a parent and conflict with a new stepparent may cause problems with attachment and adjusting in the future (Henry & Holmes 1998). These types of situations often involve some form of threat (whether it be real or not) making one of the parents more unavailable (Kobak 1999).There was some speculation that a child being raised in a stepfamily would for sure have less secure attachments than those raised by their biologic parents still together. They did state that insecurities may be part of the stress of divorce and remarriage (Love and Murdock 2004).As stated by Robert S. Feldman (2011), more than 5 million couples who are each others second marriages have at least one child that is a stepchild. He states that often times, a childs role is un loose and they are not sure of what is expected of them. Children may not be sure what their responsibilities are as a part of the new family or how they should treat their new parent or siblings. Feldman also states that blending into a new family seems to be easier for children that are school age as opposed to teenagers. He states that it is due to several different things. The familys financial situation usually improves with a remarriage and the addition of a second income. There are also more people in the family to share chores and responsibilities with as well as more people to have a social relationship with (Greene, Anderson, & Hetherington, 2003 Hetherington & Elmore, 2003).Though there is not much research on blended families and every aspect of the changes, challenges and successs, it is clear that raising a blended family involves a lot of planning, preparing and nurturing on the part of the children to make it successful for everyone involved.

Classroom Seating Arrangements

Classroom Seating Arrangements By Walaa Samir Fayek Classroom centering is extremely effective to create a better learning environment, in which the teacher invests in space, time and materials to achieve academic and personal evolution to the students. Personally, pose arrangements play a significant map in creating a stress-free and a beneficial atmosphere for the EFL learners and helping the teacher in haughty the class easily. It lead as well reflect their performance in the activities, how oftentimes they have grasped from the lesson and facilitate free movement in the classroom.I consider the desks in semi-circles and U-shape atomic number 18 the ideal shapes for my EFL classroom. Arranging the class in a semi-circle allows the teacher to observe the students and also the students will be able to see their classmates and the board. It is also perfect for conducting group discussions and participating in group conversations by expression the students self-esteem and c onfidence in sharing their ideas, especially for students who are incertain to present their swear out to others. On the other hand, semi-circle seating arrangement energyiness not be helpful roughlytimes as the teacher energy find it difficult to meet the students one-on-one.It is also not so happy if the class is not big enough because this seating arrangement will take much room than the normal row seating arrangement. As for the U-shape or horseshoe seating arrangement, it is a good choice as it allows each student to have a panoramic view of the all in all class classmates, teacher and the board as well, and gives the teacher a more than direct contact with each student, promoting eye contact, improving classroom bearing and controlling discipline problems especially with young learners.Related article Cda readiness Goal 1Moreover, through the U-shape setup, the students wont be able to overwhelm or avoid participation and that will encourage them to improve their behavior. The U-shape seating allows a huge space for setting up projectors or any(prenominal) teaching materials and free movement in the class. Desks in U-shape require a large space, which might be a disadvantage that can negatively affect the teaching process. There are other seating arrangements that might be useful in teaching English, especially during the production stage, which are clusters and groups seating arrangement.Young learners of EFL can be placed in small clusters so they can interact easily and dynamically with one another and take in on group projects. Clusters help in mixing between students of discordant skill levels and abilities, allowing the teachers to move around the class and observe the students. One drawback is that some of the students will end up facing other students not the cause of the class which may lead to a slight distraction up to now if it was for young learners or adults.To sum up, seating arrangements have an effective role in enhanci ng the learners productivity and concentration during the class. There are many examples for seating arrangements like the semi-circle and the U-shape. Both of them can work perfectly if the teacher is conducting an edifying lesson that needs the learners focus. Also, there are the clusters and groups seating arrangements that facilitate the group work and help the learners to connect their thoughts together.

Audience Adaptation Paper

Taylor realizeCOMM 101- Fundamentals of Public Speaking Audience Adaptation Paper February 18, 2013 In the TED video that I watched, the subject was nearly Body Language and was cosh minutes and three seconds long, but the speaker stopped officially talk at twenty minutes and fifty-four seconds into the video. The speaker, Amy Cuddy, had rattling interesting points almost how a persons role pose, index fingerful/ prideful or curled into a ball and timid, can influence themselves on how they compute and sapidity around themselves.She also made the point that our bodies change our minds and that power posing for a few minutes really change your vivification in a meaningful way. Throughout the video I was a little unimpressed with her deli precise on the subject. She did not knowm to do as she preached. Her personal appearance was fine. She was dressed in all blacken pull out for her undershirt was teal which made her fade into the background except for her pop of color. She also hunched quite a bit and did not stand as properly or formally as former(a) public speakers I have seen. Her body language was okay.When she showed what a power pose was, which was supposed to look like Wonder Woman, she did it not very convincingly and looked better and more at home doing a fainthearted and timid pose. She did do a lot of walking up and mastered the stage to keep an eye on her audition and to keep them salaried at extion to her. This did work because when they would put the camera out to the audience, they were all intently in tune with what she was face. Throughout the public lecture I did not feel much of a volume change until the end when she had gotten emotional with a story she chose to tell about herself and later on a educatee much like herself.This volume change is of course not a good one because you should not ever pick something to talk about that creates reoccurring feelings. This could make you really hard to understand through the cryi ng or you could not be able to finish through your weeping. Her rate of dialect was never too fast, but at points was really slow referable to trying to find the right words to say to her audience. She kept saying um quite often and stumbled over what she was trying to say next. After the prototypical ten minutes, she had said the word um over fifteen times.After the ten minutes, I quite emphasising my attention on that and tried to focus on her main points and ideas about our body language. As Amy Cuddys speech progressed, she did not pause as much as she did in the starting line half of her speech. The best segment when she was truly flowing was when she started to talk about lab research she had done to prove her point that higher cater people are twenty-seven part more likely to attempt than low cater people. They also have a twenty percent increase of testosterone than low powered people.High powered people had a twenty-five percent decrease in Cortisol, while low powe red people had a fifteen percent increase. She seemed really happy with her proven results and it showed the way she spoke. Her language was very proper and articulate, except for her ums of course. She did very well at pronunciating each thing she said. She did not have both dialect, so she was really easy to understand. While speaking, the only gestures she seemed to make were with her hands.She would either point to the screen behind her to show her research or notes or fiddled with her hands in front of herself. She rarely use anything else than her hands to type anything or to point something out. From the very beginning her eye contact was get along on with the audience. She opened with a camera on the audience to see how everyone was sitting. When she started to point out what she saw, the entire audience began to realize they were being analyzed. Everyone sit up straight and fixed their overall appearances.Overall her presentation was not terrible, but it was not perfect either. Her aids throughout are what I believe made the presentation a somewhat success. Her notes, questions, and graphs on her slides for the audience not only showed proof of her research, but preparation. That is the key trait that I had seen in her, which was quite ironic since she said that it was her weakness. My favorite phrase that she used throughout the seminar and what I know Ill definitely pass along is Dont fake it till you make it. Fake it until you force it.

Asthma Case Study

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Alabang Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Pinas urban center College of treat A Case Study of Bronchial Asthma In Acute Exacerbation (BAIAE) Submitted by Angela Marie Ferrer BSN 3B July 17, 2012 Definition A condition of the lungs characterized by widespread narrowing of the business sector of workways referable to spasm of the smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, and the social movement of mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles.Bronchial asthma fight is a inveterate retr oversion inflammatory disorder with increase responsiveness of tracheobroncheal tree to various stimuli, resulting in paroxysmal con nerve traction of bronchial airline businesss which changes in severity over diddle periods of time, either spontaneously or under treatment. Causes Allergy is the strongest predisposing factor for asthma. degenerative exposure to air duct irritants or allergens can be seasonal such as grass, tree and weed pollens or perenni al under this be the molds, dust and roaches.Common spark offs of asthma symptoms and exacerbations include air way irritants like air pollutant, cold, heat, weather changes, strong odors and perfumes. Other contributing factor would include exercise, deform or emotional upset, sinusitis with post nasal drip, medicinal drugs and viral respiratory tract infections. Most people who have asthma be sensitive to a variety of triggers.A persons asthma changes depending on the environment activities, counsel practices and other factor. Factors that can contribute to asthma or airway hyperreactivity whitethorn include any of the fol ruggeding * Environmental allergens House dust mites, fleshly allergens (especially cat and dog), cockroach allergens, and fungi argon just about commonly reported. * viral respiratory tract infections * Exercise hyper airing * Gastroesophageal reflux disease * inveterate sinusitis or rhinitis Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug dose (NSAID) hypersensitivity, sulfite sensitivity * Use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (including ophthalmic preparations) * Obesity Based on a prospective cohort study of 86,000 patients, those with an elevated body upsurge index are more likely to have asthma. * Environmental pollutants, tobacco plant smoke * Occupational exposure * Irritants (eg, household sprays, paint fumes) * Various high gear and low molecular weight compounds A variety of high and low molecular weight compounds are associated with the development of occupational asthma, such as insects, plants, latex, gums, diisocyanates, anhydrides, wood dust * Emotional factors or stress * Perinatal factors prematurity and increased maternal age increase the risk for asthma * Breastfeeding has non been definitely shown to be protective. * Both maternal smoking and prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke also increase the risk of developing asthma Clinical ManifestationThe three nigh common symptoms of asthma are cough, dyspnea, and respire. In some instances cough whitethorn be the only symptoms. An asthma attack often hands at night or early in the morning, perhaps because circadian variations that influence airway receptors thresholds. An asthma exacerbation may start abruptly but most much is preceded by increasing symptoms over the previous few days. There is cough, with or without mucus production. At generation the mucus is so tightly wedged in the narrow airway that the patient cannot cough it up.Prevention Patient with recurrent asthma should undergo campaign to identify the substance that areaicipate the symptoms. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible. intimacy is the key to quality asthma care. Medical Management There are two general process of asthma medication quick assuagement medication for contiguous treatment of asthma symptoms and exacerbations and long playacting medication to achieve and maintain maintain and persistent asthma.Because of underlying pathology of asthma is inflammation, run into of persistent asthma is accomplish primarily with the regular use of anti inflammatory medications. * Long-acting control Medication Corticosteroid are the most potent and in effect(p) anti inflammatory currently available. They are broadly s top of the inninging effective in alleviating symptoms, improving air way flows, and decreasing peak flow variability. Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil are mild to be moderate anti-inflammatory agents that are use more commonly in children.They also are effective on a prophylactic basis to prevent exercise-induced asthma or unavoidable exposure to known triggers. These medications are contraindicated in discriminating asthma exacerbation. Long acting beta-adrenergic agonist is use with anti-inflammatory medications to control asthma symptoms, particularly those that occur during the night these agents are also effective in the legal community of exercise-induced asthma. * Quick relief medication Short acting beta adrenergic agonists are the medications of choice for relief of crisp symptoms and prevention of exercise-induced asthma.They have the rapid onset of acton. Anti-cholinergic may have an added benefit in distasteful exacerbations of asthma but they are use more frequently in COPD. Nursing Management The main focus of nursing wariness is to actively assess the air way and the patient response to treatment. The immediate nursing care of patient with asthma depends on the severity of the symptoms. A calm approach is an important aspect of care especially for animated client and ones family. This requires a partnership between the patient and the health care providers to modulate the desire outcome and to formulate a plan which include * the purpose and action of each medication * trigger to avoid and how to do so * when to seek assistance the nature of asthma as chronic inflammatory disease Anatomy and Physiology The amphetamine respiratory tract consi sts of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and epiglottis. The lower respiratory tract consist of the bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs.The major function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to arterial blood and bring carbon dioxide from venous blood, a process known as swagger exchange. The familiar gas exchange depends on three process * breathing is movement of gases from the atmosphere into and out of the lungs. This is accomplished through the mechanical acts of intake and expiration. * Diffusion is a movement of inhaled gases in the alveoli and across the alveolar capillary tube membrane * Perfusion is movement of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the tissues.Control of gas exchange involves neural and chemic process The neural system, composed of three parts located in the pons, medulla and spinal cord, coordinates respiratory rhythm and regulates the depth of respirations The chemical processes act several vital functions such as * regulati ng alveolar airing by maintaining normal blood gas tension * guarding against hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the blood) as well as hypoxia (reduced tissue oxygenation caused by collide with arterial oxygen PaO2. An increase in arterial CO2 (PaCO2) stimulates ventilation conversely, a decrease in PaCO2 inhibits ventilation. helping to maintain respirations (through peripheral chemoreceptors) when hypoxia occurs. The normal functions of respiration O2 and CO2 tension and chemoreceptors are similar in children and adults. however, children serve differently than adults to respiratory disturbances major areas of difference include * Poor valuation account of nasal congestion, especially in infants who are obligatory nose breathers up to 4 months of age * Increased susceptibility to ear infection collectable to shorter, broader, and more horizontally positioned eustachian tubes. Increased severity or respiratory symptoms due to smaller airway diameters * A total body res ponse to respiratory infection, with such symptoms as fever, vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnostic procedures * General Physical question * Skin * Observe for the comportment of atopic dermatitis, eczema, or other manifestations of allergic scramble conditions * Evidence of respiratory distress manifests as * increased respiratory rate, * increased heart rate, * diaphoresis, and * use of accessory muscles of respiration. * Marked weight loss or severe wasting may indicate severe emphysema. * Pulsus paradoxus * This is an exaggerated fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration and may occur during an acute asthma exacerbation. * Depressed sensorium * This finding suggests a more severe asthma exacerbation with impending respiratory failure. * Chest Examination * End-expiratory wheezing or a prolonged expiratory phase is found most commonly, although inspiratory wheezing can be heard. * Diminished breath sounds and bosom of drawers hyperinflation (especially in children)may be observed during acute asthma exacerbations. The presence of inspiratory wheezing or stridor may trip an evaluation for an upper airway obstruction such as song cord dysfunction, vocal cord paralysis, thyroid enlargement, or a soft tissue stack (eg, malignant tumor). * Differential Diagnoses * Airway external Body Heart reverse Allergic and Environmental Asthma pulmonary Embolism Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Pulmonary Eosinophilia Aspergillosis Sarcoidosis Bronchiectasis Sinusitis, Chronic * Bronchiolitis Tracheomalacia COPD URTI Churg-Strauss Syndrome Vocal Cord Dysfunction Cystic Fibrosis Foreign Body Aspiration Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Laboratory Studies * store eosinophilia greater than 4% or 300-400/L * Eosinophil counts greater than 8% may be observed in patients with concomitant atopic dermatitis. * This finding should prompt an evaluation for allergicbronchopulmonary aspergillosis,Churg-Strauss syndrome, oreosinophilic pneumonia * Total serum immune serum glob ulin E levels greater than 100 IU are frequently observed in patients experiencing allergic reactions, but this finding is not specific for asthma * British Thoracic Society recommends using sputum eosinophilia determinations to guide therapy Imaging Studies In most patients with asthma, chest radiography findings are normal or may indicate hyperinflation. * Chest radiography should be considered in all patients macrocosm evaluated for asthma to exclude other diagnoses. * Sinus CT scanning may be serviceable to help exclude acute or chronic sinusitis as a contributing factor.. Pulmonary function testing (spirometry) * Spirometry assessmentsshould be obtained as the primary test to establish the asthma diagnosis. * Spirometry should be performed earlier o initiating treatment in order to establish the presence and observe the severity of baseline airway obstruction. * The assessment and diagnosis of asthma cannot be based on spirometry findings alone because many other diseases a re associated with preventative spirometry indices. * Spirometry measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), the maximal amount of air discontinue from the point of maximal inhalation, and the FEV1. A reduced ratio of FEV1 to FVC, when compared with predicted values, demonstrates the presence of airway obstruction. Optimally, the initial spirometry should also includemeasurements before and after inhalation of a short-acting bronchodilator in all patients in whom the diagnosis of asthma is considered. * Reversibility is demonstrated by an increase of 12%and 200 mL after the administration of a short-acting bronchodilator Methacholine- or histamine-challenge testing * Bronchoprovocation testing with either methacholine or histamine is useful when spirometry findings are normal or near normal, especially in patients with intermittent or exercise-induced asthma symptoms. Bronchoprovocation testing helps determine if airway hyperreactivity is present, and a blackball test result usuall y excludes the diagnosis of asthma. * Methacholine is administered in incremental doses up to a maximum dose of 16 mg/mL, and a 20% decrease in FEV1, up to the 4 mg/mL level, is considered a positive test result for the presence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Peak-flow observe * Peak-flow monitoring is designed for ongoing monitoring of patients with asthma because the test is unprejudiced to perform and the results are a quantitative and reproducible measure of air flow obstruction. It can be used for short-term monitoring, exacerbation management, and daily long-run monitoring. * Peak-flow monitoring should not be used as a stand-in for spirometry to establish the initial diagnosis of asthma. * Results can be used to determine the severity of an exacerbation and to help guide therapeutic decisions as part of an asthma action plan. Exercise testing * Testing involves 6-10 minutes of operose exertion at 85-90% of predicted maximal heart rate and measurement of postexercise spirometry for 15-30 minutes. The delineate cutoff for a positive test result is a 15% decrease in FEV1 after exercise. Eucapnic hyperventilation * Eucapnic hyperventilation with either cold or juiceless air is an alternate method of bronchoprovocation testing. * It has been used to evaluate patients for exercise-induced asthma and has been shown to micturate results similar to those of methacholine-challenge asthma testing. I. LABORATORY WORKS NAME OF TEST NORMALVALUE RESULTS logical implication Complete Blood CountPurpose CBC is ordered to aid in the sensing of anemias hydration status and as part of routine hospital admission test.The derived function WBC is necessary for determining the type of infection. RBC 4-6 x 10/LHct 0. 37- 0. 47Hgb 110- 160 gm/LWBC 5-10 x 10 /LLymphocytes0. 25-0. 35Segmenters 0. 50-0. 65Eosinophil 0. 01-0. 06 5. 480. 481598. 20. 250. 580. 07 Increased segmenters (mature neutrophils) reflect a bacterial infection since this are the bodys first line of defense against acute bacterial invasion. Lymphocytes are decreased during early acute bacterial infection and only increase late in bacterial infections but continue to function during the chronic phase. II. DRUG STUDYName of the drug compartmentalisation Dosage/ Frequency Route Mechanism of Action Indication Nursing Responsibilities Generic nameDuavent ( ipratropium salbutamol) Brand nameDuaNeb Salbutamol Sulfate Nebule q 1 time of day Oral nebulization The combination of ipratropium and albuterol is used to prevent wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and coughing. Management of reversible bronchospasms associated with obstructive airway diseases, bronchial asthma beat back care to ensure that the nebulizer mask fits the users face properly and that nebulized solution does not escape into the eyes. * Evaluate therapeutic response.

The Gambia and the Movie Industry

T satisfactory of confine The Globalizing of word pictures and knowledgeability of Film Industries into evolution Countries 3 The Globalizing of Films and Introduction of Film Industries into Developing Countries and the Affect on the Business Environment 8 The Globalizing of Films and Introduction of Film Industries into Developing Countries and the Affect on the Business Environment, Case hear The Gambia 13 Bibliography18The Globalizing of Films and Introduction of Film Industries into Developing Countries Movies, fills, cinema, the spoilt picture tot all in ally of these atomic number 18 terms handlingd to describe an pains that has captured the minds and imagination of billions of community end-to-end the ground. And what an evolution process this patience has g wiz through. Video recording has been near since the late 1800s, and back them the videos seemed more than like Claymation technique than eachthing else. The videos were grainy, stopped a good deal, an d had no sound. Of course through clock term mendments have been make. As the twentieth century moved forward, so did the depiction pains.Videos became cle arr and longer, and so state distinct to shoot pictorial matters and charge people property to see said depictions. The primeval ones of course had no sound and had to use cue cards, solely as time progressed so did applied science. In just a few con socio-economic classs non plainly was sound added to the leases, exclusively also color, and nevertheless(prenominal) 3d technology. So what comes next for this billion-dollar industriousness? The intentness is now winning its blood line throughout the earth to countries that one would non expect the video intentness to set up c adenylic acid due to the increase in technology and decrease of technological costs.The picture assiduity is also decorous less local anaestheticize, in that the videos that atomic number 18 being produced in whatsoever of th ese countries atomic number 18 non patently made for the local audience, only if rather atomic number 18 made for a orbicular audience. Of course, almost everyone in the world knows or so Hollywood, and Bollywood is bigger than Hollywood in terms of moving pictures produced, though whitethorn non be as rise up kn go across in the world. Nollywood is a well-established motion picture-producing powerhouse. In the past, when Hollywood was the main photograph-producing powerhouse, Nigeria was probably one of the least places experts in the assiduity panorama would get hold of f etcetera producing movies.Now, Nollywood is a main staple in movie productions each year. It appears as though these woods be blood to pop up all over the world. Countries, regions, cities, atomic number 18 all line to see the benefit to having their own movie producing location. What is causing this trend of aras scatty to set up their own movie producing locations? The main aspect that is hint the way for this increase of woods throughout the world is the fact that movies are now being made in a less localized fashion. There are non nearly as umpteen movies produced that are made specifically for a certain region.A movie producer is no longer going away to fund a movie that volition only do well in the field that it is made in. No, producers want to counterbalance the most money on the word pictures, and that government agency relating the picture palaces to a global audience. Nigeria discharge be looked at as an example. Nigeria has a decent sized population, nevertheless how more people of that population would be resulting to pay money to see a pic. Not galore(postnominal), in that respect are m any an(prenominal) separate tasks that conduct to be fixed before going to see a movie. So why produce movies in Nigeria for a population that would not accept the fabrication? It is because the production costs have gone chain reactor so drastica lly.It no longer takes $50 cardinal to make a movie. Nollywood thrives on its many producers providing small dandy to many different movie projects (Haynes). The old movies that were created in, for lack of a better word, development countries have incessantly been inferior to those created by the US, England, and France. The technicality, special make, costumes, and so on were never capable to compete with the powerhouse countries (Callimanopulos). Now, as yet, with the lower cost of these techniques, these less fortunate countries are able to use the similar technique, or at least those of concern quality.Sure, these countries may not be able to use the newest of take oning technology (such as 3d or Imax), however these improvements break-dance these countries a great edge in the market. In fact, the average cost of a Bollywood deal is $1. 3 million, whereas the average cost of a Hollywood film is $13. 6 million (Factoids). No longer are countries by-line Hollywoods behavior of producing blockbuster after blockbuster. Nigerian producers realized that by dividing capital amongst many different projects, the income from each project may not be as great, however the total revenue from the combined projects is plenty to sustain Nollywood.That is why Nollywood has become the third medium- bigst movie producing area in the world. The same case privy be made for Bollywood. India was an emerging market where movie producers alsok an opportunity to produce many movies at a cheaper cost, and the effect was the same. This style of movie producing is what is awarding these developing countries to, basically, take over the market. A few decenniums ago the US was producing 5% of the movies in the world, however these US movies occupied 50% of the veil time in the world (Callimanopulos).While these numbers have not revisiond drastically, they are close up go aboutning to take a new jump. The world is producing more movies in general, and the US movi es are occupying slightly less screen time than before. This decrease, however, is the forefront to what is expected to be a greater transport as time progresses on. In fact, what is happening is that the major studios are begin to see how prosperous these guerilla movie making tactics is, that they are beginning to want to lounge some into the market as well. For example, Warner Brothers is now financing French films and Fox is financing Latin Ameri feces films (Toward).This just adds to why the movie industry is globalizing so quickly, and why it is beginning to reach these developing countries. As these big companies continually invest more money into these less than fortunate countries, thus the movie makers will be able to use the newest equipment to make technical better films, ensuring their spot in the global film industry. These movie producers, directors, and writers are now realizing that even with this increase of lower figure films being produced, they requireme nt to make sure that the movies produced are made for a global audience, rather than alone a local audience.France is actually experiencing the cast out side of low budget film production. The number of French films produced is well over 200 a year now, however with so many of these low budget films being produced, the audience is beginning to see few films because of the repetitive nature of the films (Hayes). What French filmmakers failed to do was to look ahead at the big picture. Instead of writing scripts and backing films that the French society will only understand, they should have been producing films that a global audience bottomland enjoy. By continuing to produce movies that can only be relevant in France, the audience gets bored.If these movies were more globally kindly, then there is less of a chance of the audience getting bored with the same predictable movies. It is this thought of less localized more globalized filmmaking that has opened the door to new area s of film. For example, 20 years ago China and Korea films were unheard of. The movies that they made there were made specifically for those countries. Now, it is very common to see Chinese or Korean films in theaters around the world (Toward). The movie industries within these countries realized that simply producing movies for their citizens alone is not enough.In rig to stay relevant they would need to begin to produce movies that the global audience can enjoy. Specifically, South Korea has taken this attitude and run with it. A decade ago, South Korea was ticklishly in the movie scene. The current system of localizing the films was flawed. Instead, the film industry began producing movies with less patriotism so as to appeal to the global audience. As a result, the demesne produced The Host, the most triumphful movie in South Korean history, whacking out worldwide famous movies like Titanic (Lee).The reason this movie did so well is that it did not focus on issues simply a ssociate to South Korea. It was a contemporary look at a addict attacking a city. Before this movie was produced, most South Korean films depicted the intentstyle of problems facing South Korean citizens. By fetching on a movie that appeals to the global audience, they were able to reach a swelledr number of people, resulting in a much more winning film. This concept of producing fewer localized movies is allowing these smaller film industries to compete with the likes of Hollywood and Bollywood.If these smaller nations were to simply produce films that appealed to their own orbit, there would not be enough subscribe to sustain it. There are a portion out of people in the world, and by reaching out and connecting with that audience, the smaller film industry nations are able to thrive as efficiently as the leading film industries. The Globalizing of Films and Introduction of Film Industries into Developing Countries and the Affect on the Business Environment This evoke in t he production of films affects the trading industry in many ways. Being such a large industry, a multibillion-dollar industry. This industry is also very versatile.It does not take a lot to have the industry fall a offset one year and retract back with record numbers the following year. Since the movie industry is so big an cushions so many people, this versatility can drastically affect the business that is done in the accurate country. This may not be avowedly in the United States since there is so much other business that gets done in the country, however just mobilize more or less the impact it could have on a small country. If the country loses small country without a high GDP loses another couple billion dollars form a poor movie year, then that country will defend directly from that poor year.The opposite is also true. If that same country has a magnificent year in terms of movie productions and gross revenue, then the entire countrys GDP and way of liveliness will i mprove directly due to the movie industry. Since the movie industry is so ample and covers so many different areas of the business sector, including marketing, management, and finances, a countrys entire economic well-being could depend directly on the success of that movie industry, which relies on the experiences of the marketers to sell those films. Most people would consider actors, directors, and producers to be the most grand part of filmmaking.Of course, these aspects are very important, however it is hard to admit that those aspects are the most important part. Just thinking about it for a second. If a movie were to have the best director of all time, director the best actor of all time, acting the best scrip of all time, it would seem like it would be the formula for an extremely successful film. The problem is, if no one knows about the film how is anyone going to be able to see it. If there are no ads, promotions, or tours, how is the movie going to make a profit.The muscle behind the movie could be the actors and directors, however the brains behind the revenue and eventually profits are the marketers. This becomes especially important when thinking about the shift of localized films to globalized films. It is one thing to be able to market a movie correctly to one country, but it is entirely different to market the same movie in 5 different regions across the globe. The first place to look is towards Bollywood, the largest film industry in the world, located in India. The films produced in India are unique to their own country.These movies tend to be, a lot of the time, musicals, which can be difficult to antedate into new territories. Recently, however the Bollywood film industry has looked toward producing more global amiable film. Just look at the success of Slumdog Millionaire. This movie stars unknown actors from Bollywood, and went on to be a huge global success, even going as far as winning at the Oscars. Similarly, one year subsequ ent Bollywood bring outd a period-epic movie entitled Jodhaa-Akbarr, which was the most successful Bollywood film at the time, being released in 26 other countries.The following year, My Name Is caravanserai was released in 70 countries, taking over as the most successful release from Bollywood in terms of release countries and revenue (Mahmood). This clearly shows that Bollywood is following the trend of trying to release more globally friendly films, but the important part that always gets overlooked is that marketing of these globally friendly films. It is set up best when it was said, In Bollywood today, if the box-office is King, then marketing is the Queen (Bollywood). This seems to put Bollywood in the best perspective.Of course, box-office and revenue are the ultimate goal of any movie being released in Bollywood, which is why box-office can still be considered king. On the other side, these movies could never reach those revenue streams without marketing. The two go hand -in-hand. With countries such as India trying to release produce globally friendly movies, marketing becomes even more important. This can include creating a tuner-controlled aircraft that will attract the attention of the most consumer, to actually doing the market research to dumbfound out which countrys would be the best to release the film in and which countries the film would not fare well in.This is connecting the film to the audiences that are most likely to create a large bring to on profits (Arons). The cost to market a movie properly has gone up. The audiences are expecting to see more trailers, more appearances, more billboards, more everything, and as inflation and prices begin to go up, it is easy to see how big-ticket(prenominal) it can become to get along a movie (Bollywood). This again flesh out the vastness of picking the right countries to release the movie/market in. If a marketer fails to pick the right country, it can be a large expense on the film comp any.It is the marketers course to put in the time and money to promote the movie in the best way come-at-able on the smallest budget manageable. These movie companies in areas like India do not have the number of drop offing that US film companies have, which is why it is so important to count every penny. In addition, Bollywood continues to find new markets in which to export. In fact, in the past 4 years there has been a 60% growth in overseas sales (Lorenzen). As these sales continue to rise, there will be more need for marketers.The importance of all of this is that as more countries, like India with its Bollywood, begin to improve their movie industries, they are going to need marketers. As the movies that these movie industries produce, such as in South Korea and Taiwan, begin to look towards the global market with their movie productions, their marketing tactics need to improve. Since most countries with a film industry are making globally friendly films, the need for ma rketers, accountants, and the likes will increase. A company will need a lot more employees to promote a movie abroad as compared to promoting one in a single country.The need of so many new employees to keep up with the demand of overseas promotion can vastly help the economies of any country, especially those that are less fortunate than our own, which is where many of these new film industries are popping up. A little over a decade ago, Nigeria was a offensive-ridden country that where people were afraid to leave their homes. This was before the time of Nollywood (Obhafuoso). This, obviously, would lead to a problem with the economy. If people were afraid to leave their homes, how would people spend money? How does an economy survive without money being pass?The short answer is that it cannot. To make matters worse, the reason people were turning to crime was because there was no work to make money at. It was a sorry cycle that seemed to have no end. Nollywood became Nigerias answer to these problems. If the country could get people jobs, and give them a decent wage, then that would (at least in theory), reduce the number of people who would have to turn to crime to reenforcement themselves and their family. Did the theory work well in the business world as well as it was suppose to? In short, yes.To put it into scope, Nollywood is considered the second largest employer of labor. severally film that is made employs, on average, 130 people (Obhafuoso). So how many movies are made each year? Well, each week, there are 30 new movies that hit the market. That is 4,500 movies each year (About Nollywood). This is a drastic change from the late 80s to early 90s. fundament then it was extremely dangerous to walk around and even harder to find work. Now, with the growth of Nollywood, not only are the streets safer, but the way of life of the citizens is improving because of the money that is generated from the movie industry.These employees of these 4,500 film s are going home with a minimum of 5-10,000 naira per film, but can make up to 20-25,000 naira. That is equal to about 128 US dollars (About Nollywood). It may not sound like a lot, but that kind of money really can change the lives of a family, economically and socially. By raising a kid on a second-rate days wage, that same child will see that it is possible to make a living without the crime that seems to plague the country at the moment. It is a turning point for the country.Nollywood injects the country with $250 million dollars a year (About Nollywood). In a country that was not well off to begin with, that is a huge difference. This one industry has single handedly changed the economic crepuscle of a country. There are of course still problems, still crime, still unemployment and indigence in the country, but there always will be. This film industry can be an example of a tool that can be utilized by a country to fight distress and crime, and vastly improve the economy an d measuring of living throughout the country.The Globalizing of Films and Introduction of Film Industries into Developing Countries and the Affect on the Business Environment, Case Study The Gambia Now the question turns to where to next open a movie industry. Africa seems to be the newest location where these new film industries (like Nollywood and Bollywood) are being created. A movie industry is exactly what many of these African countries need. There is not a lot of stability in these countries, both politically and, more importantly, economically. As shown earlier, a film industry can pump a large amount of money into an economy as ell as employee many citizens with jobs and a steady income. One country in Africa that seems to be looking at these statistics is The Gambia. Gambia is located on the western shore in Northern Africa. In Gambia, about 60% of the population falls below the overall poverty line. This can be due to the fact that the unemployment rate in the country is over 40% (The Gambia An Assessment). With such a high unemployment rate, it is difficult to nourish an economy. The introduction of a national film industry in Gambia would allow for the economic growth that the country seems to be in need of.If a country wishes to be economically successful, it is important to be a part of the global economy. A country does not need to be a part of the global economy to sustain itself, but of course life can be made easier for the citizens of global economy countries. It appears that Gambia, and its 1. 8 million citizens, are struggling with their economy (History). If 60% of those 1. 8 million people are out of work, then there is clearly a need for the humans of new jobs. As stated earlier in the paper, many countries have had similar problems with their economies, and call for to change something.These countries saw the film industry as an opportunity to help its citizens. The film industry can be made extremely global if done correctly, whi ch would allow for greater demand for films and create more jobs. Gambia is following suit by attempting to also live on its own economy. There was once a short lived film industry in Gambia, but was shut down by the government in 1994. Since then the government has had major control of media outlets such as radio and television (History). Over the years the country has been slowly switching to give the people more power and control over their lives.It is this slow shift in power that is allowing Gambia and its citizens to have another go at creating a film industry. The government is also beginning to understand the need for change in such an impoverished country. Since the citizens are now able to suffrage for their leaders, it is now of more importance of these leaders to keep the citizens happy. If the country is not making any money for its citizens, then these leaders will not be re-elected. This is extremely important because the creation of such a big industry in a country of poor economic standard would require support from the government (Kasumaye). In order to get movie roducing off the ground, there needs to be investments. How can people invest if no one has enough money? That is where the government needs to clapperclaw in and begin to financially back this industry. As the movies begin to take off and sell and make profit, then the industry will be able to sustain itself. Until then the government needs to understand the effects such an industry can have on Gambia. It seems strange to think that the government should back an industry such as filmmaking. Would it not be better to back things such as farming? Farming is important, but farming will not bring the country into the global economy.The film industry in Gambia has a large impact on the citizens of the country. It creates avocation throughout the entire country and teaches the individuals in the country new skills (The Gambia and its). some(prenominal) kind of film costs a lot of mone y. In fact, simply look at The Hobbit. The new movie was filmed in tender Zealand, and contributed more than 2. 4 billion dollars to the New Zealand economy (Child). That movie is an exception, since they are such large production unites, however it just goes to show that one movie really can make a difference in the economy.The film companies need to feed their workers, hire clean up crews, etc. , and if Gambia creates a major film industry with many movie companies, then the economy will reap the benefits as much as the chief operating officers. Going hand in hand with an increase in commerce is that fact that a new industry will create many new jobs for the citizens. In fact, it is estimated that a film industry created in The Gambia would employ, at a bare minimum, 5,000 Gambian youths (Janko). This does not include the actors, directors, or any of the business aspects (such as marketers, accountants, financers, etc. . This is simply extra people needed on set to help with set up, tear down, dining, and every other aspects involved with filmmaking. As the industry begins to take off, so will the amount of jobs available. The more movies that are made, the more jobs will have to be filled. These 5,000 jobs can increase to 20,000 if the film industry grows. Nearly 20,000 new jobs can be a huge benefit to an economy that is suffering from high unemployment. distinctly as more people get jobs and begin to receive a steady income, the more money families will be able to spend on the market. The ore money that is spent on the market, the faster the economy will turn around. The faster the economy turns around, even more jobs will be created to keep up with the improvements. In fact, a well organized film industry could not only help the standard of living in Gambia, but also the surrounding areas as well (Sankanu). As the industry grows, it is very possible for citizens of surrounding countries to migrate over to Gambia in order to be apart of the industry. Th is influx of new people also means that these same people will be spending their money in the Gambian economy.Also, as the Gambian film industry creates more and more globally friendly movies (if they continue to follow the current trend in movie making), then the surrounding countries could be big importers of these films. Countries closer to Gambia may find Gambian films more appealing than, say, a Hollywood blockbuster. These import movies can clearly help both video stores and movie theaters in these bordering countries to survive. As stated earlier, marketing is one of the most important factors in the film production process. The consumers need to know about the movie in order to see it.That being said, a Gambian film industry would open the door for all sorts of marketing professionals, both local and global marketers. It would seem pretty obvious that the locals of the country would work on the local promotion of the film. It would not be too far fetched to think that a movi e company would want to hire a professional marketer from an already well-established company overseas. It can be a safe conjecture that these kind of professionals will most likely have more experience with this global marketing than a native individual from Gambia. Normally, marketing a film globally would be extremely difficult.However, due to the established touristry industry and breathtaking scenery, Gambian movies may be easier to promote to the world than, say, a movie from Chad (Kasumaye). If the world has a basic understanding of The Gambia, then people will be much more open to reflection a film from Gambia. This makes the jobs of whatever marketing professional get the job that much easier. The Gambia is currently struggling to improve its economy and standard of living. The unemployment is too high and their economy is not sufficient enough to give its citizens a proper standard of living. Nigeria was in a ery similar situation, and by adding a film industry, hundred s of millions of dollars was expelled into the economy, creating jobs, and improving the standard of living. The Gambia has a similar opportunity, in that there are plenty of actors, directors, and writers that want to create films, there just does not seem to be enough capital to truly get the industry off the ground. The government needs to realize this opportunity, and fund (at least for the beginning) the creation of this industry so as to create a greater endure of cash and employment throughout the country.This will create a large number of new opportunities for marketers to jump into the new industry to become a part of the growing phenomenon. A Gambian film industry can not only help the economy and business thrive in the country, but can also create new business opportunities on a global scale as well. Bibliography About Nollywood. This Is Nollywood. N. p. , 2006. 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