Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior Essay Example for Free

Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior EssayDescribe the intent of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior Both situation and dispositional factors play a significant section in plenty explaining behavior. (in that they guide the judgment on both our actions and volumes actions. ) Attribution theory, known as how people interpret and explain behavior in the social world, is closely related to these two factors. People operate to proportion behavior depending on their roles as actors or observers, known as the actor-observer effect.Milgrams study (1963) investigated the role of situation and dispositional factors in participants explaining their own behavior. Nine out of twelve participants completed the task under the researchers authoritative counsel. The participants considered the task unethical so they attributed their negative behavior to the researchers guidance instead of the dispositional factor, such(prenominal ) as their personality. When people explain their own behavior, they tend to attribute it to situation factors such as the interference from the authority.Zimbardo et al (1973) conducted an experiment in Stanfords prison to investigate the role of actor-observer effect. Participants were assign with either the role of prisoners or the role of guards. In the experiment, both the guards and prisoners were very dedicated into their acting roles. about of the prisoners obeyed the guards because the guards imposed violent behavior to the prisoners. It is found that the prisoners believed and attributed the guards violent behavior to the guards dispositional factor.When people observe others behavior, they usually attribute it to dispositional factor such as personality. Therefore, with the cognition of the prison as a simulation, the prisoners still obeyed the guards like they were real guards who always acted violently. People usually attribute their behavior to situational factors wh en they perform the behavior. Whereas, people attribute others behavior to dispositional factor when they are the observers.

Great Expectations and April Raintree Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations and April Raintree EssayA mark theme in Great Expectations and April Raintree is the growth and change of the characters towards their give birthance of companionable house. This will be proved by strap non dealing himself in the lower class and April non accepting herself in the native class. Then, there will be proof of how Pip and April attempt to change their social class. at long last the proof of how Pip current himself in the social class he was in and how April accepted herself as a Mtis. Pip did not accept himself in the lower class. He wanted to be in the fastness class sightly like Miss Havisham is. Pip was ashamed of his family and its lower class status. How he wasnt as fortunate as Estella who is a member of the higher class, especially when Estella insulted Pip construction that he is common and how he has coarse hands. He did not have a reason to venture ab knocked out(p) his class status in advance this, and now that he does, h es disturbed to think he readiness be just common. This ensured Pip to not accept himself in the lower class.He didnt see all good from it. Pip felt he needed to impress Estella. She was the one who changed Pips perspective in everything. onward meeting Estella, Pip objectively looked up to Joe, blacksmith or a gentleman, Joes class status makes no difference. It is not until later, when he learns that the world cares about class, thats when Joes status mattered to Pip. After seeing Estellas house and everything she had, he wanted much to look forward to. Pip did not accept his life in the lower class.April is a one-year- mature woman who has so many another(prenominal) issues with her family and the people in her life. April always hid her feelings of shame from her sister Cheryl. April did not accept herself in the native class. Although she did not look native, she was sometimes ashamed that her sister Cheryl looked more native than she did. in that location were two diff erent groups of children that went to the park. One group was brown-skinned children who looked like Cheryl in most ways. They were blue-looking and they dressed in real raggedy cloths. I didnt care to play with them at all. The other group was fair-skinned and I envied them especially the girls with blonde tomentum and blue eyes. They seemed so clean and fresh. Some of them were freckled but they didnt seem to mind. To me, I imagined they were very well-heeled and lived in big, beautiful houses. I wondered what their lives were like and I wished we could play with them. But they didnt care to play with Cheryl and me.They just called us names and bullied us. (Pg. 6) Since April was young, she always wanted to be with the people who were fair-skinned. She didnt like seeing her sister universe called names especially, when they had to live with the DeRosiers. Half breeds were all that was said in that house. I heard you half breeds were dirty but now I can see that its reliable. (Un subsistn () At one point, April hated being Mtis. She felt that being Mtis changed her life because when you think of Mtis, you think of living off the streets and bums on Main Street. She wasnt any of these and she didnt want to be labelled as them. She was not happy being the soul she knew she was. April did not accept her life in the native class.Pip changed his social class by deviation off to school to become a gentleman. He was lucky to have a helper. Ive put absent money, and for you to spend. When I was a hired-out shepherd in a solitary hut, not seeing no faces but faces of sheep till I half-forgot wot mens and womens faces wos like, I see yourn. . . . I see you there a many times plain as ever I see you on them misty marshes. Lord overhead me dead I says each time-and I goes out in the open air to say it downstairs the open heavens-but wot, if I gets liberty and money, Ill make that boy a gentleman And I through with(predicate) with(p) it. (pg. 340) Magwitch r eveals himself as Pips secret benefactor and how he got all his wealth. This quote changed Pips idealistic view of wealth and social class by forcing him to realize that his own status as a gentleman is owed to the trueness of a lower-class criminal.Year after year, he moved further away from Joe and his lower class. Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come. (pg. 236) Joe comes with a burnished and content attitude toward the changes in Pips social class that have driven them apart, and he shows his goodness and loyalty by blaming the division not on Pip but on the unchangeable nature of the homo condition. Pip as a gentleman makes a lot of money and as he gets wealthy, he forgets his family and the people that are important to him. In other words, he worries about trying to imp ress people, quite a than being moral.April Raintree changed her identity of a native by marrying a rich white man named bottle cork Radcliff. She always wanted to be rich and forget about her heritage. She moved away from Winnipeg to Toronto. She tried political campaign away from the life she did not want, to try to live a life she wanted. You think I dont know why you married Bob? It was to get away from me, thats why. Ill be you wished you were an only child. I appear you wished I was dead. (pg. 155) It was almost like she did not want Cheryl in her life at all. You never love that man. You love his money. You figured you were going to be Miss High Society. (pg. 158) April did not love Bob Radcliff she only married him for his money.Pip learns from his mistakes growing up. After realizing what kind of person he has become, and how he has treated his loved ones, he felt he was better off being in the lower class. Pip agnize that wealth and class are less important than affec tion, loyalty, and inner worth. When he is finally able to hear that, besides the esteem in which he holds Estella, someones social status is not what so ever machine-accessible to that someones character. Bentley Drummle is a symbol to this because even though he is a minor character, he gave an important message. Drummle is an upper class member. He gave Pip proof that social class has no connection to attitude, personality or moral worth. Drummles negative example helps Pip to see the inner worth of characters such as Magwitch and Joe, and Pip eventually scraped his immature fantasies about wealth and class. Everything changes for Pip after he learns the class status of his benefactor because he realized that Magwitch, a kind-hearted man who was never able to come out of the status into which he was born but in the end he was able to get wealthy.April realized that she wasnt happy with Bob, so they got a divorce. From that divorce, she received a good amount of money. She immed iately went back home to her sister, but things were not good between Cheryl and April. After Cheryl committed suicide, April found her diaries and read them. She finally realized what Cheryl has gone through while April wasnt in her life and what she thought of everything especially what she thought of April. April accepted being Mtis and then and there. Like her sister, she is sublime to be Mtis. Since she loved Cheryl, she was glad that a part of Cheryl was alive in her son, Henry Liberty. All life dies to give new life. (pg. 184) It was tragic that it had taken Cheryls death to bring April to accept her identity but she would strive for a better tomorrow now. For her sister and her son, her parents and her people.In conclusion, Pip accepted himself in the social class that he used to be in. Even though he remained in the higher class, Pip realized that he still cared for his loved ones in the lower class. For April, she accepted herself in the social class she was born in. Eve n though Cheryls life had to be taken away before April realized how important her heritage was. Pip carried a snobby attitude for a great part of his life. He treated the people he loved without realization of how he wasnt respectful towards them.April had tried hiding, she had attempted to be someone shes not, she had tried being with someone she didnt love, and she had also undertook to blocking her own sister out of her life. No matter what April did, she couldnt get away from what she really was inside. She was born Mtis. She just didnt feel proud of it nor did she want to be Mtis. Pip and April both had issues with the people in their lives and they both found their true identities from being ashamed of their social class to peace with their lives.

Wal-Mart Current Market Conditions Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Current Market Conditions EssayMarket skids in the retail market place be non awkward to track. Any major initiative Wal-Mart undertakes has enormous supply chain implications world roomy (ThomasNet pertlys, 2010). The analysis for this base is to look at the approach of Wal-Mart in a very competitive industry and examine how Wal-Mart is so thriving. close to of the atomic number 18as that will be examined ar the Market Structure, the impact of new companies entering the market, termss, productivity, and cost structure, price elasticity of contain, competitors, supply and penury analysis, and impact of government regulations. When locating new stores, Wal-Mart tends to first look at to a greater extent rural areas where there is slight population, a higher income and where consumers are less likely to trip up to larger cities. This may be due to the economics of the region or the size of city in which they propose to occupy. The companys market is the sa me market as Target and K-Mart. The companys festering will in all likelihood cause other smaller retail businesses to fail. New firms entering the market will continue to drive Wal-Marts prices lower.The impact of new companies entering this market would affect pricing indifference between companies. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer and second largest corporation. It is the largest private employer in the unify States and Mexico. Wal-Mart is the largest food market retailer in the United States, with an estimated 20% of the retail grocery and consumables business, and the largest toy seller in the United States, with an estimated 45% of the retail toy business, having surpassed Toys R Us in the late 1990s. Wal-Mart has 1,929 stores which as of 2005 gross r blushue figures come about $155 bilion in sales.Wal-Marts revenue as of 2006 was an estimated $315 billion USD, net income $11. 231billion USD, and employs more than 1. 8 million employees (Information forage Source, 2006). Wal-Marts major competitors in the grocery market are the Kroger co. 2 in annual sales, Albertsons Inc. 3, Safeway, Inc. 4, and Costco Wholesale Group 5. Now even though Wal-Mart is leading the way in list sales the 2 and 3 businesses lead the way with total of stores. The Kroger Co. has 3,302 with Albertsons at 2,476 stores nationwide.Wal-Marts total sales for that year alone were beating its 2nd place contender alone by more than 80 billion dollars. Wal-Marts major competitors in low-end general merchandise department would include Sears Holding Corporation, the slowly diminishing K-Mart chain, and Target whose trying different approaches including building Super Target stores to compete with the Super Wal-Mart. With Wal-Mart pitiful into the grocery business it has put a strain on grocery retailers also including H-E-B, Kroger, Albertsons, Publix, Giant Eagle, Safeway, Winn Dixie, Food Lion and Save-A-Lot.Wal-Marts CEO Lee Scott in 2005 embarked on an energetic campaign to revive the companys image. He installed Eduardo Castro-Wright to overhaul operations in America. Who remodeled 1,300 shops, modified merchandise and cut prices. Wal-Mart has had a flake of suits filed against if for unfairly paying the female employees, not promoting the female employees fairly, placing them into positions where they can not advance, and paying them less than their male counterparts.Wal-Mart, Wally World or what ever the public wants to call wants to call it does not change what it is A corporate machine that has made a major and horrific impact on the global economy. Wal-Mart has been incriminate of denying benefits, working employees off the clock, and denying them rightly earned over time pay. They also have exploited suppliers and been associated with monopolies. These are reasons that Wal-Mart, the corporate machine, the menace to the global community, must be stopped. Wal-Mart capitalizes on the use of the good cling to strategy when pricing their prod ucts.If Wal-Mart were to increase the price of their products then the demand for them would likely decrease and the demand for the competitors merchandise would likely increase, where if the price of the products drops at Wal-Mart then the demand will likely increase at Wal-Mart and decrease at the competitors stores. If Wal-Mart increased to match the prices then the demand would be abruptly elastic. Competition for Wal-Mart encompasses umteen different areas such as retail, electronics, club stores, and gasoline sales to name a few. In the US, Wal-Marts main competitors are department stores such as Target, K-Mart, nd ShopKo.When considering Wal-Marts floor show store competitors one must look at Costco and BJs Wholesale Club in the east part of the US. Wal-Marts main US retail competitor is Target and seems to be doing very rise considering the current market conditions. With Wal-Marts push to add greater sustainability and eco-friendly techniques to its repertoire, it beco mes that much more difficult for the competition to stay with the industry leader. In 2009 Targets EBIT (Earnings before Interest and Taxes) were 4. 74 Billion with a net income of 2. 49 Billion (Daily Finance an AOL Money and Finance Site, 2010).Target Inc. operates in the United States exclusively which keeps the Wal-Mart competitor in a distant second place. Although economic conditions in recent months have been difficult overall, firms operating in the consumer staples sector, and especially the food and staples retailing industry, have enjoyed a certain amount of stability, and even growth, which exceeded performance in other sectors of the market. This is especially true for those firms that have diversified into internationalistic markets. Access to a range of markets stabilizes earnings by reducing risk across a range of differing economic cycles.Although demand in the United States, Wal-Marts primary market, has been modest, it has continued on a general growth trend ove r the years. There have been months where demand fell however, the overall trend has continued to rise. There are two major economic conditions that have worked in concert to contribute to moderate, but continued growth. First, income has broadly suffered in Wal-Marts home market. Stagnant and declining wages, combined with rising unemployment have reduced the buying post of retail consumers. The sales of many consumer goods declined, and have only recently begun to recover (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 U. S. Census Bureau, 2010).This reduction in demand would cause a shift to the left in the demand curve for many of the products sold by Wal-Mart. On a global cuticle, Wal-Mart experienced a range of economic growth rates affecting demand in the markets where it has operations (United Nations Statistics Division, 2010). Overall, demand on a global scale was influenced by two primary mechanisms. Of greatest importance is an increasing customer base. As the firm reaches more consumers through new outlets and new markets, generally demand would increase across all products.Since many of Wal-Marts international markets are growth markets, incomes are increasing alongside the expanded consumer base. Although the company strives to bring value to all of its customers, since many of its products in growth markets are new to the market, income increases result in the reduction of demand for quick inferior goods in the market. In many ways, the items sold by Wal-Mart in growth markets are considered normal goods. Thus, increasing incomes actually increase for most of Wal-Marts products in these markets (Colander, 2008).Wal-Marts expansion into international growth markets may have helped the firms bottom line, but not without some upfront costs to overcome barriers to entry. At home, the firm must adhere to a range of labor, product safety, and reportage and audit requirements to do business. Similar regulations will likely be encountered in each of the markets where b usiness is done. Some markets may actually have more rigid requirements than what the company has to cut with at home. The most consequential types of regulation the company will need to be responsive to deal with corruption and foreign have investment.To combat corruption in both business dealings and interaction with governments, the United States requires its businesses to adhere to the alien Corruption Practices Act (FCPA). Along with other unscrupulous practices, the law aims to prevent bribery as a business practice while improving transparency in business dealings. There may be similar regulation in some of the markets where Wal-Mart does business. In terms of Foreign Direct Investment, Wal-Mart must deal with a complex patchwork of laws that differ from each of the other countries in which it has operations.Some countries, such as Canada and Mexico, allow Wal-Mart to directly operate its stores as long as it maintains certain capital and operational conditions. some oth er countries, however, require the company to undertake operations through or in collaboration with a ingrained firm. Likewise, regulation may restrict the types of business operations a firm may undertake or the area of the market in which it may operate. Both China and India have restrictions along these lines, requiring Wal-Mart to partner with existing retailers to do business (U.S. Commercial Service, 2008).Trends in the worlds retail markets may not be difficult to track, but due to the complexity of handling such a wide variety of goods and the wide range of competitors they can be difficult to understand and successfully do business in. To be successful in instinct the retail marketplace an entity must be dedicated to comprehensive research of the landscape. Additionally, an understanding of economic principles is critical to putting the extensive amount of available information into context.

Engaging Students during Instruction Essay Example for Free

Engaging Students during Instruction Essay tell breeding is the critical subdivision of effective education. Differentiated instruction guarantees that the larn needs of every student are satisfied. Blooms taxonomy can be utilise to determine the level of individual learners thinking, while Gardners Multiple Intelligences can help assess the level of learners cognition and determine the ways to enhance this knowledge by using tell instructional strategies. Engaging Students during Instruction Differentiated instruction is the critical element of effective education.Differentiated instruction guarantees that the learning needs of every student are satisfied. Blooms taxonomy and Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences are the two complementary models that can be used to develop differentiated instructional strategies in any type of learning environment. Out of many educational researchers, B. Bloom is considered wizard of the just about prominent education professionals in the 20th century. Bloom and his colleagues undertook the daunting task of creating taxonomy of educational objectives (Tomlinson, 1999).It should be noted that Bloom has initi all(prenominal)y concentrated his prudence on differentiating the learning objectives thus, his taxonomy can be winningly applied to differentiate between the learning outcomes for different groups of learners. Howard Gardner was deeply involved into researching human creative abilities (Gardner, 1993). The resolvent of his profound investigation is reflected in the discovery of eight levels of intelligence (knowing). Each of these nine-fold intelligences can be used to determine the level of knowledge for a particular learner, and to develop the set of strategies to address the most significant knowledge gaps.In many instances, the junto of the two learning theories will serve the foundation garment for the creation and implementation of effective instructional approaches that will satisfy the learning needs of all types of learners. In reality, both Blooms taxonomy and Gardners multiple intelligences create a stable framework for successful learning. Each lesson must have individualized learning objectives, a clear set of instructional strategies, and a choice of evaluation criteria, but these elements cannot be developed and applied without sound knowledge of Blooms and Gardners learning theories.Each lesson should be characterized by a variety of teacher techniques aimed at stretching students at all levels (Skowron, 2001), and by engaging all students into discussion. Here, Blooms taxonomy will be used to determine the level of individual learners thinking, while Gardners Multiple Intelligences will be used to evaluate the level of learners knowledge and the ways to enhance this knowledge using differentiated instructional strategies. Gardner pays special attention to non-linguistic intelligences, including bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, and naturalist learner abiliti es (Gardner, 1993).Gardners theory can be used to convey learning experiences with sense of the many different ways individuals gain mastery in their learning processes (Tomlinson, 1999). However, Gardners approaches are particular to knowledge and comprehension areas of instructional design, while Blooms taxonomy further expands to setting clear objectives and evaluating the learning outcomes through the prism of six different levels of learning. Gardners multiple intelligences and Blooms taxonomy form a detailed observation of the learners style, needs, abilities, and knowledge.The two theories create an excellent combination that will motivate students to learn. With the outcomes clearly be for students, the possibility exists that they will feel more challenges they may motivate them to push on to the next levels of discernment (Skowron, 2001). At each level of student intelligence, a variety of instructional strategies can be utilise to satisfy the widest range of the lear ning needs, and to ensure that each of Blooms learning outcomes is achieved by all groups of learners.When learners are aware of the six groups of learning outcomes (Blooms taxonomy) they may also choose, whether they need to work on their strongest intelligences, or whether they should concentrate on their weaker intelligence sides to achieve the anticipated outcomes in particular learning process. Thus, the combination of Blooms taxonomy and Gardners learning theory offers substantial freedom for student participation in the learning process (Tomlinson, 1999).Blooms taxonomy and Gardners Multiple Intelligences offer better choice and license to students, creating favorable conditions for developing and implementing differentiated instructional approaches in classroom. References Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences the theory in practice. New York prefatory Books. Skowron, J. (2001). How to differentiate instruction. In J. Skowron, Powerful lesson planning models, Arlingto n Heights, IL. Tomlinson, C. A. (1999). The differentiated classroom responding to the needs of all learners. ASCD. Paper responses Daniels paper Daniel is very correct there is no one size fits all in education.Differentiated instruction should stem from the optimal combination of learning theories and approaches. Piagets epistemological theory and Gardners multiple intelligences form a good combination of differentiated approaches toward instruction, and Daniel uses a simple and effective mathematical exercising to illustrate his findings. However, Daniels work also implies that there is unlimited number of theoretical combinations that can be used to differentiate instruction. I think and agree with Daniel that by using only one theory, instructional professionals risk losing significant learning benefits that each learning theory offers.

The Sleeper Curve Technology And The Media Media Essay

The Sleeper wind up Technology And The Media Media EssayJohnson nones that the wagon-lit curve is a similarity between the take aim of I.Q and other neurologic capabilities in relation to the ever-changing applied science aimed at showing how the modern forms of technology and the media be trustworthy for localiseing our minds (Johnson, page 34). Contrary to most massess expectations that TV and telecasting games play a role in sharpening our minds, Johnson proves that the complexity of the TV shows aired and television system set games that are played take a fundamental role in sharpening our minds and making us much attentive. He nones that the attributes derived from playing games and watching television make us more perceptive and train our brains to things in a sound manner. He states that This growing complexity involves three primary elements multiple threading, flashing arrows and social networks. (Jazz Corner 2005 and The New York Time, 2005). This way, our IQ levels are accessiond and our brains operate more sharpened. He therefore advocates for young great deal to continue playing movie games and watching modern TV shows. He goes on the further state that, The quickest way to rate the Sleeper Curves cognitive preparedness is to sit down and watch a few hours of hit programming from the late 70s on slit at Nite or the SOAPnet channel or on DVD. (Jazz Corner 2005 and The New York Time, 2005).According to Johnson, a slumberer curve can be explained in three different models or levels which are the common drive forces in the link curve. These driving forces include economic performers, neurologic factors, and technological factors. The economic factors driving the slumberer curve include the changes that pose been effected in the industry to suit the needs of the viewer enchantment at the aforementioned(prenominal) time satisfying the financial needs of those in the show business industry. Changes have been cited in the television industry in recent times most of which have been due to changing consumer preferences. This has been done through the introduction of TV series aimed at meeting the viewers needs. For instance, there has been an increase in the story line complexity and television shows that aired 20 years ago re now existence regarded as primitive by the viewers. This explains why older shows standardised the Dragnet cannot chequer up to most modern shows creation produced much(prenominal) as the Sopranos. This has ensured that people adopt the concept of Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), in an attempt to understand peoples emotional intelligence information through reading their minds (Johnson, p.98). For instance, the producers and media people have to read the viewers emotional cues, call off their inner feelings and thoughts (Johnson p.98,99). Likewise, when watching television with friends or families, one also has to read their minds what they anticipate and feel about the p rogram. Therefore, television provides a medium where one can assess peoples emotional intelligence (Johnson, p.99).Technology is a major factor that helps in the understanding of the sleeping car curve. The ever changing technology is responsible for the wagon-lit curve. The technology that is used today cannot be compared to the technology that was used 20 years ago. Ein truththing has changed. First there was the adoption of VCRs, and then came the introduction of CDs and DVDs. This also ranges from the image games that kids play to the TV shows being aired. For instance, the type of video games that were being played 20 years ago ( ie Pong or Duck Hunt), cannot be compared to the ones being played today ( ie Call of Duty or Halo). close of the games played then just required minimal skills which ranged form motor coordination to pattern formation and understanding. The video games that are played today are very advanced as compared to those that were played back in the early 1970s. sophisticated video games create a whole new virtual world. For instance, digitalization has been on the rise in the show business. This is usually present in the TV and video games. For instance, Sleeper, the 1973 science allegory explains the incompatibility between the scientists in 2173 and the 21st century generation. The film is against the occurrent generation trying to jaw scientific and technological advancement used in cloning. However, current series such as Greys habitus embraces technology and scientific advancement by hypothesizing the probability of cloning in the near future. Therefore, the TV and video games pertaining technology helps compare lasts and the superiority of the current intellectual riches.The neurological aspect of the brain is an important factor to look at when dealing with the sleeper curve. The way we think and look at things today is not the same way people looked and thought of things 20 years ago. Today, education does not take t rain in class alone. There are numerous activities in living rooms and basements which help kids to become smarter today. The mindset of children today cannot be compared to the children in 1970 or 1980. Today, children get introduced to very complex aspects of technology at very young ages. This facilitates adoption of the current trends of technology at the tender ages. The change in the neurological setting is what facilitates an overall need in the change of how technology evolves and our reaction to the different aspects of technology. Viewers have a need to maintain their connection between the virtual world physics and their brain chemistry, therefore, they are attracted to systems that explore the environment and have clearly defined rewards in spite of them probably having the virtual characters. This explains why the people who are above the age of twenty are not attracted to the rescue princess like games or videos like Nintendo or Zelda. The more grown up video games suc h as Halo or Call of Duty and the The Sopranos are what they are watching or playing. Additionally, people love mind refraction files like Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Momento and Pulp Fiction which help them develop neurologically. For instance, Momento uses a countermand chronological order whereby the audience is barely aware of the events preceding in attempt to confuse them. As the film ends, both narratives converge and one understands that the investigation taking place resulted to someone death. Watching the television shows provides a platform for improving our neurological development.ConsequencesThe sleeper curve undermines the long headed belief that pop culture is on a race to the bottom, where the cheapest thrill wins out every time. Johnson quickly states that the sleeper curve has not yet become more superior than the traditional culture. It undermines the premise that mass culture pales in comparison to High Art in its aesthetic and intellectual riches. However, to me his argument is invalid. The sleeper curve has greatly wedge the popular culture generation in the way they live and has therefore become more controlling than the traditional culture. In comparison to the older generations, the impacts of video games, TV shows, and technology are greatly snarl in the society today. This has changed the American cultural values and the pop culture which was disregarded is now being embraced in a different style and people view it from a different perspective. Earlier on, people detested videos with extreme violence which are now embraced and used to make kids sharpen brains. They improve the level of perception and increase the analysis speed of viewers. The TV shows and video games are actually making people smarter as opposed to the belief that nothing good can come out of TV shows and video games.The videos and TV shows are now incorporated in education and children are able to grasp more within a limited span of time. Children can now cope with school subjects like mathematics by using video games like Dungeon and Dragons that help kids to increase their calculation capabilities. Additionally, embracing the current trends in technology increases important learning skills such as reading speed and accuracy. Modern TV shows have subtitles that allow viewers to quickly read through and grasp the concept of the TV shows. This way, viewers can master how to read through these subtitles and lines with ease and use the same strategy when studying large-mouthed volumes of books or numerous readings. The video games that were present 20 years ago are not the same as those which are played today. Games like Pac-Man and Tetris which were very popular back in the 1980s and nineties are not as challenging as the video games today. Take for instance, a game like Grand Theft Auto 3 which requires more than just pattern recognition and motor coordination. Modern games are designed not only to create a challenge for the players, but also to sharpen the skills of the players. Modern games are created to bring into existence an imaginary world which has a lot of details and is very competitive in nature.Importance of understanding the Sleeper CurveIt is very important to understand the sleeper curve because of the impact it has on our daily activities. Everyone is affected by the sleeper curve either presently or indirectly. The sleeper curve also affects the way we interact with the environment in general. Understanding how the sleeper curve operates is an important thing to put into consideration. If we are able to understand the changes brought about by the sleeper curve and the resulting effects, we can understand these changes and how vital these changes are as it helps one to come to terms with and measure out the sleeper curve. This is because video games and TV shows have a great influence in our lives today. If video games and TV shows make kids smarter, then they should be looked into de eply. Anything that affects the social, cultural, and educational aspects of children should probably be looked at very closely.The advantages accrued to the sleeper curve outweigh the negative effects and therefore, people should embrace modern forms of technology particularly the video games and modern TV shows. As we have seen, video games and modern TV shows are major contributors in our cognitive thinking and which increase our IQ. Children who play video games and watch modern TV shows are for the most part smarter and their smartness is explicitly shown in the educational field. Children learn how to grasp so much in such a small amount of time which also teaches them how to find their way out of difficult situations. raft should therefore engage in, embrace video games and television shows to actually see the quickest way to appreciate the sleeper curves cognitive training (Jazz Corner 2005 and The New York Times 2005).

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population

secary Malignancies in Pediatric PopulationSecondary malignancies in pediatric population a case series and lit reviewIntroductionAdvances in medical c atomic number 18 therapies and early diagnosis has fulfillight-emitting diode the hope for convening life expectancy in many crabby personous affected roles with a 5 year survival straddle for at least 75% in childhood (1). Although expecting 70% long-term survive in children with diagnosed cancer, 60-70% of them pass on develop a consequential disability by the ancient cancer discourse as a cost(2). Development of second cancer (a new cancer following the premier(prenominal) later a f be intervention , whether the incursion is in childhood or as an adult, however histologic eachy different from the origin) is a grieving expected side- effect embracing 6% of all diagnosed cancers in Unites states (3), as a proceeds of the carcinogenic effects of chemotherapy drugs and ray of light therapy on both normal and cancerous c ells (4). When major find factors for develop the petty(a) malignancies in childhood survivors such as the patriarchal origin, early diagnosis , onset age, length of therapy , dose true and familial fib of the cancer be considered , radiation associated solid tumors as advantageously as hematologic malignancies account for the most probable types in subsidiary cancers (5-8).Despite the excellent vista for long-term survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, retinoblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma , radiation associated standby solid tumors almost covers two-thirds of all cases in long term (4, 9, 10). The increased risk of the incidence persists for at least 30 long time after the primary interposition of Hodgkin lymphoma (11). Chemotherapy agents, such as alkylating agents countenance been proposed to play role in unoriginal cancers incidence. Although studies in field of secondary cancers and their relationship with administered preaching protocols have been a field of interest for researchers, data regarding this topic is rather inconclusive because of variety of factors involved (12, 13).In present case series study, a series of pediatric secondary malignancies with different primary cancers and subsequent give-and-take protocol are presented.MethodsIn this case series study, 11 samples were selected retrospectively from patients attending at Mahak Pediatric genus crab louse Treatment and look into Center (Tehran, Iran) from 2007 to 2016, who were diagnosed with a secondary cancer. All a patients had been already diagnosed with a primary cancer and had received standard preaching protocol of primary cancer. Clinical randomness was obtained by the authors or provided by referring physicians. victimization patients records, past medical history, type of primary and secondary cancer including method of diagnosis, cumulative doses of cytotoxic drugs and treatment outcome was extracted. In case of any missing records, patients were contacted to acquire involve data. All patients had already undergone required diagnostic modalities to diagnose malignancies properly. A literature search in Ovid, Medline and PubMed was carried out using the terms secondary cancer, chemotherapy and shaft of light to provide enough material to discuss findings. A medical information scientist performed the literature convalescence and the initial screening of relevant studies.Statistical abridgment was performed using SPSS version 16. Quantitative data was express as mean standard deviation and frequency (percentage).Case history forbearings primary malignancies type and administered therapy are shown in Table 1. Patients Secondary cancer type and features of therapy administered is shown in Table 2.Patients nary(prenominal)1 was a 15 days venerable girl, who presented with pain in buttocks when she was 4 old age grey-haired, then following bone nitty-gritty biopsy. She was first diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. During 1 year of treatment, She underwent VAC/IE (vincristine (VCR) + doxorubicin (ADR) + cyclophosphamide (CPA) alternating with ifosfamide (IF) + etoposide) regimen. This treatment protocol led to complete remission. later 1 year, during a routine laboratory test, proud levels of white profligate cell was detected. Following flow-cytometry and cytogenetic studies, pre-B cell precursor ALL diagnosis was sustain, which was associated with central nervous strategy involvement according to lumbar puncture examination. During 3 years, she was administered with X regimen. Also, complete CNS prophylaxis protocol was alike administered. Complete remission was confirmed for her after treatment. During 6 years of follow up, she has not had any signs of relapse.Patient No.2 was a 12 years old boy, who attended clinic presenting with balance disorder. Following 24-hour urine catecholamine test and MIBG skim off neuroblastoma diagnosis was made. He underwent OPEC regimen (vincristine, cisplatin , etoposide and cyclophosphamide) and daunorubicin, which led to remission. When he was 6 years old, in a routine laboratory test, elevated white blood cells were detected. Flow-cytometry studies indicated ALL(L1), so the patient was administered with standard regimen and intrathecal chemotherapy. This treatment led to complete remission. During 2 years of follow-up patients has no sign of relapse.Patient No.3 was a 14 year old, who had first presented with headache. Following imaging, meduloblastoma diagnosis was made. after 10 months of chemotherapy and radiation, patient had complete remission. Patient had a history of heart failure. Two years later, an elevated white blood cells were detected in complete blood count. Flow-cytometry studies revealed non-M3 AML. Despite chemotherapy, patient was expired after 12 days of treatment initiation.Patients No.4 was 12 years old girl, who presented with intermittent coughs. So, bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed small cell lung tu mor. She underwent 4 months of chemotherapy , radiotherapy and pulmonary lobectomy. During this period, when she had been receiving chemotherapy for 3 months, she presented altered level of consciousness. Following lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal wandering flowcytometry AML diagnosis was made. She underwent CNS prophylaxis. Despite 3 months of treatment, patient was expired.Patient No.5 is a 21 year old girl, who first presented with right sided pre-orbital swelling when she was 12 years old. Following biopsy, histiocytosis X diagnosis was made. After treatment she was in complete remission, but two years later a reason CT scan revealed signs of disease relapse. when 15 years old, collectable to the elevated white blood cells count and flow-cytometry AML(M1) diagnosis was made. Although patient underwent 2 years of chemotherapy, she did not continue the treatment surgical operation, so she was lost to follow-up.Patient No.6 is a 13 year old girl, who was first diagnosed with r etinoblastoma when she was 4 months old. She underwent VEC (vincristine+etoposide+carboplatin) chemotherapy protocol and radiotherapy. Enucleation was performed for both eyes when she was 2 years old. At last, patient had complete remission. When she was 11 years old, she attended clinic with right-sided face pain. After biopsy, osteosarcoma diagnosis was made. She underwent single-valued function protocol (High-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin), ifosfamide and etoposide for 40 weeks. After complete remission, she has had no sign of relapse so distant.Patient No.7 is a 12 years old boy, who was first diagnosed with actrocytoma grade II-III shown as a supratentorial mass in brain imaging which was confirmed by biopsy. Then, patient underwent PCV (lomustine + procarbazine + vincristine) plus temozolomide protocol and radiotherapy. After 6 courses of chemotherapy, patients underwent gross broad(a) resection of tumor. One year after complete remission, patient presented with backache. Biopsy indicated gliosarcoma. So far patient has undergone radiotherapy and surgery, also he is still going through chemotherapy. base on the literature review,DiscussionBased on information from the U.S. Surveillance Epidemiology, about 16 percent of cancers are in persons with a prior history of cancer. It is thought that the main point behind this phenomenon is that patients after treatment of cancer, patients live long enough to have second cancer (14). But as matter of fact, the cancer experience does not finish as treatment does. Cancer and the administered treatment (including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and newer drug therapies) can affect almost every diorama of an individuals life. Besides, not considering the secondary cancers as a part of natural incidences of time course, secondary cancers might be due to the treatments received by the patients at time of primary cancer treatment (15). Most of the therapies utilise in cancer, aim at destroying cancerous cells by affecting their genetic structures, but in therapy process normal cell are also involved just as malignant cells. This involvement exit consequently lead to apoptosis, mutation or recovery. Mutations are tried to be minimized by the nonindulgent mechanisms defined in cells and immune system (16). When these mechanisms fail a newly established malignancy is unavoidable. live study presents 7 patients with secondary cancers (5 hematological malignancies, 1 osteosarcoma and 1 gliosarcoma). All secondary malignancies in reliable study had mesanchymal components, also both localized secondary malignancies (gliosarcoma and osteosarcoma) were in previous radiotherapy field. Vincristine, etopside and alkylating agents (such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide) were the most used cytotoxic drugs. Both patients No.3 and 4 who were expired, had undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Based on the literature review, alkylating agents such as ifosfamide and cy clophosphamide are know of mainstays of treatments for hematologic malignancies, solid tumors and preconditioning regiments for hematologic stem cell transplantation, but it has been shown that they are meaning(a) risk factors for growing of secondary malignancies as they increase in the relative risk for a secondary malignancy of 1.5-2.5 (17-21). Especially, ikon to alkylating agents has been associated with an increased risk hematologic malignancies development, often referred to as therapy- connect acute myelogenous leukemia (22, 23). Therapy-related AML seems to have an onset within 5-7 years after therapy for primary cancer, and this risk appears to increase further with the concomitant use of epipodophyllotoxins such as etopside (24). In present case series, patients No. 1,2 and 4 had also received a junto of alkylating agents and etopside, which could have been a major risk factor for the secondary malignancy.In a study by Bhatia et al. investigating Therapy-related myelo dysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, it was concluded that exposure to ifosfamide from 90 to one hundred forty g/m2, cyclophosphamide from 9.6 to 17.6 g/m2, and doxorubicin from 375 to 450 mg/m2 increased the risk of tharapy related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia significantly (25). Patient No. 1 had also received doxorubicin, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide , but the cumulative doses were not that much of what Bhatia et al.(25) mentioned. In a study by Granowetter et al. about comparing dose-Intensified with standard chemotherapy for non-metastatic Ewing sarcoma, it was concluded that dose escalation of alkylating agents do not break the outcome for patients with Ewing sarcoma of bone or soft tissue (25). So, by taking this into account, more cautious approaches should be chosen when deciding about chemotherapy doses, especially alkylating agents.Topoisomerase II inhibitors as another well-known chemothera peutic agents are widely used treatment of pediatric malignancies. This category holds anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) , anthracenediones as well as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide and tenoposide)(26). Therapy related AMLs due to topoisomerase II inhibitors are known as an entity of therapy and incidence varies in literature, but has been inform as racy as 9% (27-29). In contrast to the response time period after exposure to alkylating agents which was about 5-7 years, therapy related AMLs after topoisomerase II exposures have a more early onset, usually within 2-3 years after primary malignancy chemotherapy (24). In present case series, the time interval between secondary AMLs and primary therapy were less than 2 years, which is less than what mentioned for alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors this might be due to the combination of these categories in our therapy protocols. Based on studies, the most effective agents against secondary hematologic malignancie s due to top topoisomerase II inhibitors are cytarabine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetazel, mitoxantrone, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, triethylnemelamine, and vinblastine (30-32). Also, in present case series, following agents were used for secondary malignancy chemotherapy.Ionizing radiation as a standard of care for many pediatric malignancies is used in many conditions such as CNS malignancies, Hodgkins lymphoma, solid tumors and as part of preconditioning regimens for hematologic stem cell transplantation (33). Carcinogen role of ionizing radiation is telled in detail in the literature. According to The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, ionizing radiation exposure was accompanied with a relative risk of growing secondary malignancy of 2.7, and was also the strongest independent risk factor for secondary malignancy development (34). In a study based on German Childhood Cancer Registry, it was concluded that ionizing radiation after adjustment f or various chemotherapy was associated with an odds ratio of developing a secondary malignancy at 2.05 (35). For the development of secondary malignancy after radiation the latency period is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment (36). Common secondary malignancies seen in pediatric population with prior cancer history include bone tumors, breast and thyroid carcinoma, non-melanoma skin cancer and benign CNS tumors. These tumors are often associated with previously irradiated treatment region (4, 37-39) in present case series, patients No. 3, 4, 6 and 7 had received radiotherapy, and in patients No. 6 and 7 had the secondary malignancies where the prior field of radiotherapy was, although incidence of these malignancies are far less than the latency period mentioned.Radiotherapy is the most important therapeutic humor in the treatment of many primary CNS tumors, so this have brought secondary malignancies as an undeniable com ponent of this modality (40). In a study by Packer et al. studying survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, reported on 359 children with medulloblastoma treated with 2,340 cGy of craniospinal radiation with 5,580 cGy of posterior fossa radiotherapy and chemotherapy, also it was reported that 5 percent of patients developed a secondary malignancy, with a majority of them being highly obstreperous gliomas. The median time to a secondary malignancy was 5.8 years, with an estimated cumulative incidence rate at 5 and 10 years of 1.1 percent and 4.2% percent, respectively (41) similar to this study, in present case series, patient No. 7 who had undergone radiotherapy due to astrocytoma, developed gliosarcoma as the secondary tumor. Fortunately this patients is currently under treatment and his condition is improving.ConclusionPresent case series study, presented a series of patients with secondary neoplasms with the ir administered cumulative doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Considering this , these information might lead to a more cautious approach in selecting chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols. Further studies should steering on comparing different treatment protocols with adequate follow-up period not also to assess treatment efficacy, but to assess long term consequences. Also, studies with more detailed treatment protocol of patients with secondary malignancies should be performed to make a more precise conclusion.References1.Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers in survivors of childhood cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 20022(2)124-32.2.Hall EJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. 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International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200254(3)824-9.11.Tward JD, Wendland MM, Shrieve DC, Szabo A, Gaffney DK. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of nonHodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2006107(1)108-15.12.Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, Aileen Clarke E, Andersson M, Glimelius B, et al. Lung Cancer Following Chemotherapy and Radioth erapy for Hodgkins Disease. Journal of the study Cancer Institute. 200294(3)182-92.13.Veiga LHS, Bhatti P, Ronckers CM, Sigurdson AJ, Stovall M, Smith SA, et al. Chemotherapy and thyroidal Cancer Risk A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 201221(1)92-101.14.Andrykowski MA. Physical and cordial health status of survivors of multiple cancer diagnoses. Cancer. 2012118(14)3645-53.15.Boffetta P, Kaldor JM. Secondary malignancies following cancer chemotherapy. 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Mutations of AML1 are common in therapy-related myelodysplasia following therapy with alkylating agents and are significantly associated with deletion or loss of chromosome arm 7q and with subsequent leukemic transformation. Blood. 2004104(5)1474-81.20.Davies SM. Therapyrelated leukemia associated with alkylating agents. Medical and pediatric oncology. 200136(5)536-40.21.Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Insights into leukemogenesis from therapy-related leukemia. raw England Journal of Medicine. 2005352(15)1591-4.22.Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Haferlach T. Karyotype is an independent prognostic parameter in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) an analysis of 93 patients with t-AML in comparison to 1091 patients with de novo AML. Leukemia. 200418(1)120-5.23.Linassier C, Barin C, Calais G, Letortorec S, Bremond J-L, Delain M, et al. Early secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in breast cancer patients after treatment with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Annals of oncology. 200011(10)1289-94.24.Hijiya N, Ness KK, Ribeiro RC, Hudson MM. Acute leukemia as a secondary malignancy in children and adolescents current findings and issues. Cancer. 2009115(1)23-35.25.Bhatia S, Krailo MD, Chen Z, Burden L, Askin FB, Dickman PS, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone a report from the Childrens Oncology company. Blood. 2007109(1)46-51.26.Hande KR. Topoisomerase II inhibitors. update on cancer therapeutics. 20083(1)13-26.27.Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, et al. Cumulative incidence of s econdary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jama. 2007297(11)1207-15.28.Pui CH, Relling MV. Topoisomerase II inhibitorrelated acute myeloid leukaemia. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003100(24)13761-6.34.Friedman DL, Whitton J, Leisenring W, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, et al. Subsequent neoplasms in 5-year survivors of childhood cancer the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010102(14)1083-95.35.Kaatsch P, Reinisch I, Spix C, Berthold F, Janka-Schaub G, Mergenthaler A, et al. Case-control study on the therapy of childhood cancer and the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms in Germany. Cancer causes control. 200920(6)965-80.36.Goldsby R, Burke C, Nagarajan R, Zhou T, Chen Z, Marina N, et al. Second solid malignancies among children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with malignant bone tumors after 1976. Cancer. 2008113(9)2597-604.37.Constine LS, Tarbell N, Hudson MM, Schwartz C, fisher SG, Muhs AG, et al. Subsequent mal ignancies in children treated for Hodgkins disease associations with gender and radiation dose. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200872(1)24-33.38.Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, Stovall M, Kuban DA, White RA, et al. The calculated risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200562(4)1195-203.39.Werner-Wasik M, Swann RS, Bradley J, Graham M, Emami B, Purdy J, et al. Increasing tumor volume is predictive of poor overall and progression-free survival Secondary analysis of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-11 phase I-II radiation dose-escalation study in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200870(2)385-90.40.Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron J-J, Psimaras D, Delattre J-Y. CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The Lancet. 2009374(9701)1639-51.41.Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy results of Childrens Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology. 2012.Table 1- Primary malignancies, administered cytotoxic and radiation therapies administered to patients .Patient No.Primary malignancy period at diagnosisTreatment durationChemotherapy(cumulative doses)Radiotherapy(cumulative doses)1Ewing sarcoma4 y/o1 yearVCR 9.9 mgVP16 3630 mgIF 55 grADR 140 mgCPA 7 gr2Neuroblastoma18 mo.22 mo.VCR 9 mgCPA 3.5 grVP16 400 mgADR 60 mgCisplatin 160 mg3Meduloblastoma1010 monthsVCR 24 mgCCNU 320 mg360 Gy andone hundred eighty Gy (posterior fossa)4Small round cell tumor124 monthsVCR 12 mgIF 60 grVP16 3.9 gr8 Gy5Histiocytosis X121 yearVinblastine 135 mg6Retinoblastoma4 mo.14 monthsVCR 14 mgVP16 700 mgCarboplatin 3.5 gr60 Gy7Astrocytoma2 months6 months months

Analysing isolation of DNA plasmid and Agragose of gel electophoresis

Analysing isolation of deoxyribonucleic hot plasmid desoxyribonucleic acid and Agragose of gelatin electophoresis foot(a) The aim of this experiment was to successfully isolate a deoxyribonucleic acid plasmid from E.Coli cells (Escherichia coli). We indeed use unremarkably performed a method commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology called agarose gel dielectrolysis. This is used to freestanding deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid fragments according to length ar used to estimate the surface and charge of the deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA fragments or to weaken protein by size.In this procedure as stated above, we used e.coli as these are plasmid containing cells. These cells were set in a soften and flux with a solution of 1% (w/v) SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) which was mixed with sodium hydroxide. The alkaline solution (12.6PH) causes the molecular weight increases this causes it to become worry chromosomal DNA. utilise alkaline lyses is based on differential denaturation of chromosomal and plasmid DNA in order to separate the two. The double stranded plasmid and chromosomal DNA is converted to single stranded DNA imputable to the lyses of the cells which solubilises protein and denatures the DNA.Subsequent neutralization is potassium acetate al humbleds only covalently closed DNA plasmid DNA to reanneal and run solubilized. Chromosomal and plasmid DNA precipitate in a complex formed with potassium and SDS which is come inback(a) by centrifugation. Protein dodecyl sulphate complexes are precipitated die to it being insoluble in water. When centrifugation neutralizes the lysine it yields to a minuscule supernatant fraction that contains plasmid DNA a network of chromosomal DNA and proteinPlasmid DNA is punishing by from the supernatant by ethanol precipitation. Plasmid DNA isolated by alkaline lyses is fitted for most analyses and cloning procedures with show up further katharsis however if the isolated plasmid DNA i s sequenced and additional purification step such as phenol extraction is used.(b) The aim of Agarose gel electrophoresis is to analyse the plasmid DNA that was extracted from the procedure before. The technique of electrophoresis is based on the fact that DNA is negatively charged at neutral pH due to its phosphate backb oneness. And like any other biological macromolecules seat move within an electrical field. The rate of the DNA slows down when its moves towards opposite poles because of the agarose. The agarose gel is a buffer solution this is used to maintain the required pH and salt concentration. The agarose forms hole or wells in the buffer solution and the DNA inserted in through the holes to move toward the positive pole. As mentioned before the agarose gel slows down the rate of DNA so the littler DNA moves faster than the large molecules of DNA as the small(a)er ones fit through the whole easier. This causes the DNA to be separated by size and clear be seen visually . To make the electrophoresis to function and separate DNA molecules it must contain an electrophoresis chamber.and billet supply, combs which are placed in the chamber this is how wells are formed when agarose is placed in the gel, Trays that contains a special gel that comes in many sizes and and have UV-properties combs which is how wells are formed when agarose is placed in the gel, Electrophoresis buffer, Loading buffer, which has a thick consistancy (e.g. glycerol) so the DNA screwing be easily placed in the wells and one or two tracking dyes, these travel in the gel and help visualize how the process is being carried out and to moniter how far electrophoresis belowgone. Ethidium bromide, is a dye used to filthiness the nucleic acids.. Tran illuminator(an ultraviolet light box), which is used to visualize ethidium bromide-stained DNA in gels.Method for plasmid isolation1.5 ml of culture that contains E.coli cells containing the plasmid pUC118 was inserted into an Eppendorf thermionic valve.This was at that placefore cartridge extractord at 13000 rpm for two transactionsThe liquid contained in the Eppendorf tube was discarded carefully by using a pipette and then inverting the tube on a test tube to remove remaining drops of the liquid without removing the bacterial pellet200 micro-liters of solution A was added to the bacterial pellet. This ensured that the suspension is homogenized (mixtures are well separated400 micro-liters of solution B was then added and mixed well these solutions contain the SDS and sodium hydroxide. This neutralizes the solutions300 micro-liters of solution C which contains the potassium acetate which was alike mixed and then was incubated on ice for 10 minutesThis mixture was the centrifuged at 13000rpm for 5 minutes750 micro-liters of this supernatant was transferred to a sweet Eppendorf tube whilst ensuring none of the precipitate was interfered with10 micro-liters if RNAse solution was added to a duplicate tube and l abeled as R+450 micro-liters of isopropanol was added to each test tube and mixed wellThis was then centrifuged at 13000rpm for 5 minutesThe supernatants were then carefully take and the DNA was contain400 micro-liters of ethanol was added and allowed to stand for a minute it allow the salts to dissolve the liquid was carefully removed so as not to remove the DNA precipitate.The sample was then allowed to dry at mode temperatureEach pellet was then dissolved in 10 micro-liters of TE bufferQ1 The viscosity afterwards 400 micro-liters of solution B was added and mixed a low viscosity was ascertained as it had a very watery texture.Q2 there was no viscosity after the transfer of 750 micro-liters of supernatant to a new eppendorf(a) Agarose gel electrophoresisThe sample obtained from the experimental procedure above were then examined using the method of agarose gel electrophoresisThe RNAse treated and untreated plasmids were examined.10 micro-liters of loading buffer was added to 1 0 micro-liters of DNA for each sampleThe samples containing DNA mixed with loading buffer were then pipetted into the sample wells, and a current was applied. This was carried out for 30 minutesIt was clear that the current was flowing as bubbles were observed to be coming clear up the electrodes.The negatively charged DNA transmigrated towards the positive electrode at the distal end, (which is usually colored red)It was analyzed that the smaller DNA molecules travelled quickly through the gel which showed that the procedure was carried out successfully as the DNA was separated according to sizeResults/ Discussion(a) Isolation of DNA plasmidThe DNA plasmid was successfully extracted from the E.coli cells and then the DNA was the successfully separated according to size by using the agarose gel electrophoresis method.Solution A contains 25 mM of Tris-HCL (pH 8.0)50 EDTA. Tris is a buffering agent this maintains a constant pH. The EDTA is used to harbor the DNA from DNAses which a re degradative enzymes the EDTA also binds divalent cations that are necessary for DNAse activity. The solution B contains SDS which is a detersive and NaOH. This neutralizes the solution, the alkaline mixture also causes the cells to rupture and the SDS the lipid membrane is broken a billet and the cellular proteins are solubilized, NaOH converts the DNA into a single strands which is caused by denaturation. The solution C contains potassium acetate (pH 4.3) the acetic acid neutralizes the pH, allowing the DNA strands to renature. The potassium acetate is added its causes the SDS to precipitate, along with the cellular debris. TheE. coli chromosomal DNA is also precipitated. The plasmid DNA remains in the solution. The viscosity of this is very high as it has a very gel like texture.When the supernatant is placed in a new eppendorf tube after 5 minutes of centrifuge this causes the plasmid DNA to separate from the cellular debris and chromosomal DNA in the pellet.The isopropanol is then added this pulls the plasmid out and causes it to precipitate nucleic acids. after centrifuge a small white pellet was observed at the bottom of the tube after the supernatant was carefully removed this further purifies the plasmid DNA from contaminants.400microliters of ethanol was added this washed the residual salt and SDS from the DNA.All these changes that were observed after the addition of these solutions were expected as they are what help us extract the DNA plasmid for an end product.(b) Agarose gel electrophoresisAfter placing the DNA plasmid in the wells electrophoresis was carried out. The results were then obtained and recorded.The size of the DNA fragment is immovable from its electrophoretic mobility. The DNA fragments of know molecular weight markers are run on the gel and a graph of log MW against migration distance is drawn.There are tether different forms of agarose DNA first theres the devote circular plasmid DNA this is the first band that occurs on th e picture. The circular plasmid is adouble-strandedcircularDNAmoleculethat has been nicked in one of the strands to allow the release of any super-helical turns present in themolecule. The blossom circular plasmid migrates more slowly than a linear or super-coiledmoleculeof the same size this is due to associated differences inconformation, or shape, of themolecules. this is why it is the first band that occurs on the picture result.Linear DNA has free ends, either because both strands have been cut, or because the DNA was linearin vivo. The rate of migration for small linear fragments is directly proportional to the voltage applied at low voltages. At a specified, low voltage, the migration rate of small linear DNA fragments is a function of their length. Large linear fragments ( all over 20kb or so) migrate at a certain fixed rate regardless of length. This is because the molecules resperate, with the bulk of the molecule following the leash end through the gel matrix.Restrictio n digestsare frequently used to analyse purified plasmids. These enzymes specifically go to pieces the DNA at certain short sequences. The resulting linear fragments form bands aftergel electrophoresis. It is possible to purge certain fragments by cutting the bands out of the gel and dissolving the gel to release the DNA fragments. This is neither fast nor slow in comparison to the other DNA plasmid.The super-coiled Plasmid DNA normally occurs naturally, there is super-coiling in DNA only if there is a replication of a DNA plasmid and this occurs for a small space of time and that is removed by cutting the DNA by specific enzymes, this is part of DNA replication mechinary. This type of DNA plasmid is the fastest as it is the last band shown out of the three this is Because of its tight conformation.The picture above shows the results obtained from the agarose gel electrophoresis. The lane numbers are marked over the wells. The lane before lane 1 that is titled M is the molecular w eight marker.All three forms of plasmid DNA is present in this result, the open circular, the linear and the supercoiled. There is an extra band of RNA present however not clearly visible this is because the RNA fragments migrated ahead of dye front as diffuse a band, the ribonuclease gets rid of this band, a blue tracking dye cause the low smudge under the DNA plasmid and beneath that is the barley visable RNA. RNA is very unstable under these conditions, as a result RNA can be completely degraded befor the ribonuclease has been added.It can be seen that DNA is present more in one band then another, however the one with the less amount could have a bigger fragment. There seems to be logarithmic relationship amongst the size of the DNA fragment and the distance it travels on the gel. A standered curve can be make if we measure the length the bands in different lanes travelled if the fragment sizes are known. The more points plotted and the larger the separation there is on the gel , the results will be more accurate.ConclusionThe experimental procedures carried out were a success, the DNA plasmid was obtained and the agarose gel electrophoresis resulted with in a clear picture as shown and sketch above, of the DNA being successfully separated.The uses of purified plasma in DNA research is for molecular cloning.